抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Thank you for downloading using multivariate statistics. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite novels like this using multivariate statistics, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful bugs inside their laptop. using multivariate statistics is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the using multivariate statistics is universally compatible with any devices to read.

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A wide variety of media can be used in learning, including distance learning, such as print, lectures, conference sections, tutors, pictures, video, sound, and computers. Any one instance of distance learning will make choices among these media, perhaps using several.

Multimedia in Learning

problems in addition to the signs of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Many of the patients were closely examined over long periods and the authors make the point that repeated examinations for as long as ten years in some instances allowed them to describe the natural history of the syndrome. and this they do in their third chapter. Again the description of the pathological findings is precise and comprehensive and the authors stress the periventricular distribution of the lesions and their bilateral symmetry. The authors consider specifically the neuropathological substrate on which are based the defective memory, ocular motor signs, the ataxia, the global confusional state and the occasional disturbance of olfactory and gustatory function. They argue a unity between Wernicke's disease and Korsakoff's psychosis and discuss the relationship between these two and alcoholic cerebellar degeneration, central pontine myelinolysis and other myelinolytic syndromes and interestingly discuss the problem of \"alcoholic dementia\" concluding that the nosological status ofalcoholic dementia is by

https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/jnnp/52/10/1218.2.full.pdf

Neuropsychology Mental Structure

State-Trait Anxiety Inventoryによるペインクリニック外来患者の不安の評価

An association of numbers and space (SNARC effect) has been examined in an ever growing literature. In the present quantitative meta-analysis, 46 studies with a total of 106 experiments and 2,206 participants were examined. Deeper number magnitude processing determined by task, stimulus and participants characteristics was associated with a stronger SNARC effect. In magnitude classification tasks the SNARC effect assumed consistently a categorical shape. Furthermore, the SNARC effect was found to increase with age from childhood to elderly age. No specific difference in the size of the SNARC effect was observed due to the explicit use of imagery strategies that could not be explained by increased reaction times. In general, these results corroborate the predictions by the dual-route model of the SNARC effect regarding the activation of number magnitude representation and suggest that automaticity may play a role in the development of the association of numbers and space across the lifespan. Key words: SNARC, mental number line, aging, imagery, meta-analysis In 1993, Dehaene, Bossini, and Giraux showed that small numbers (e.g., 0 or 1) were associated with faster left hand responses, and larger numbers (e.g., 8 or 9) with faster right hand responses (Figure 1A). This result held for single- (Experiment 1) as well as two-digit numbers (Experiment 2) and was not affected by whether participants were left-hand dominant (Experiment 5), or crossed their hands on the response buttons (Experiment 6). The effect did, however, depend on the relative magnitude of numbers in the stimulus set (Experiment 3) and was reduced in participants with right-to-left reading habits (Experiment 7). A similar spatial association was absent for letters (Experiment 4) but present when participants categorized number words (Experiments 8 and 9). Dehaene et al. (1993) concluded that numbers are systematically associated with space, and that this association reflects the orientation of a "mental number line". Specifically, the authors proposed that "...the representation of number magnitude is automatically accessed during parity judgment of Arabic digits. This representation may be linked to a mental number line [...], because it bears a natural and seemingly irrepressible correspondence with the natural left - right coordinates of external space. " (p. 394). Recently, Proctor and Cho (2006) proposed an alternative explanation for the SNARC effect based on polarity correspondence that contests the necessity of assuming the existence of a mental number line. The polarity correspondence account is a general theory of compatibility effects and does not require a spatially oriented mental number line to explain the SNARC effect. Proctor and Cho (2006) argue that the polarity assigned to each stimulus and response depends on the relative saliency of their dimensions. Instead of perceptual or conceptual similarity, the polarity categorization suffices to produce the mapping of stimuli onto responses. This account is based on the activation of positive or negative polarities for different dimensions and is applicable not only to the SNARC effect but also to non-numerical experimental set-ups. When the same polarity ("+" or "-") is assigned to different dimensions of the experimental set-up (e.g., stimuli and responses), they become associated. When applied to the domain of numerical processing, both "right" and "large" have polarity "+" while both "left" and "small" have polarity "-". When the polarities of stimulus and response overlap, a link is established regardless of perceptual, spatial or conceptual overlap, improving performance. Although the polarity correspondence account offers a parsimonious explanation for the SNARC effect in speeded binary classification tasks, some new evidence from cognitive neuropsychology lends support to the existence and relevance of a mental number line for the formation of spatial numerical associations (Zorzi et al. …

On the cognitive link between space and number: a meta-analysis of the SNARC effect

Decade breaks in the mental number line? Putting the tens and units back in different bins.

It is thought that number magnitude is represented in an abstract and amodal way on a left-to-right oriented mental number line. Major evidence for this idea has been provided by the SNARC effect (Dehaene, Bossini, & Giraux, 1993): responses to relatively larger numbers are faster for the right hand, those to smaller numbers for the left hand, even when number magnitude is irrelevant. The SNARC effect has been used to index automatic access to a central semantic and amodal magnitude representation. However, this assumption of modality independence has never been tested and it remains uncertain if the SNARC effect exists in other modalities in a similar way as in the visual modality. We have examined this question by systematically varying modality/notation (auditory number word, visual Arabic numeral, visual number word, visual dice pattern) in a within-participant design. The SNARC effect was found consistently for all modality/notation conditions, including auditory presentation. The size of the SNARC effect in the auditory condition did not differ from the SNARC effect in any visual condition. We conclude that the SNARC effect is indeed a general index of a central semantic and amodal number magnitude representation.

The universal SNARC effect: the association between number magnitude and space is amodal.

Number magnitude and number parity representation are fundamental number representations. However, the representation of parity is much less understood than that of magnitude: Therefore, we investi...

Hans-Christoph Nuerk

Papers

On the cognitive link between space and number: a meta-analysis of the SNARC effect

Decade breaks in the mental number line? Putting the tens and units back in different bins.

The universal SNARC effect: the association between number magnitude and space is amodal.

Notational modulation of the SNARC and the MARC (linguistic markedness of response codes) effect.

Embodied numerosity: Implicit hand-based representations influence symbolic number processing across cultures