Hans-Christoph Pape

Bio: Hans-Christoph Pape is an academic researcher from University of Zurich. The author has contributed to research in topics: Injury Severity Score & Polytrauma. The author has an hindex of 69, co-authored 687 publications receiving 18537 citations. Previous affiliations of Hans-Christoph Pape include Leeds General Infirmary & University of Pennsylvania.

Primary intramedullary femur fixation in multiple trauma patients with associated lung contusion—a cause of posttraumatic ards?

Abstract: We investigated whether primary ( 18, femoral midshaft fracture treated by intramedullary nailing, primary admission or referral within 8 hours after injury, and no death from head injury or hemorrhagic shock. Two groups were differentiated according to the presence or absence of chest trauma (severe chest trauma = AIS thorax > or =, group T; no severe chest trauma = AIS thorax 24 hours after trauma. Injury Severity Scores in the four groups were TI: 29.4 (n = 24); TII 31.4 (n = 26); NI 20.1 (n = 33); NII 25.4 (n = 23). In patients without thoracic trauma the ICU time (NI: 7.3 days; NII: 18.0 days) and intubation time (NI: 5.5 days; NII: 11.0 days) were lower in the patients treated primarily (p < 0.05). In patients with severe chest trauma there was a higher incidence of posttraumatic ARDS (33% versus 7.7%) and mortality (21% versus 4%) when early intramedullary femoral nailing was done. In the absence of severe chest trauma primary intramedullary femoral nailing is beneficial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The timing of fracture treatment in polytrauma patients: relevance of damage control orthopedic surgery.

Abstract: Information illustrating the benefits of fracture stabilization after multiple trauma has been gathering for almost a century. At the turn of the last century, the introduction of the Thomas splint clearly demonstrated the importance of skeletal stabilization in the management of these patients. The introduction of standardized surgical treatment for fractures in the early 1950s is considered today as the turning point in the care of the polytraumatized patient. With the knowledge acquired, the application of early operative fixation of fractures in severely injured patients in the 1980s has yielded to the concept of early total care of all fractures. Yet, in distinct patient subgroups with severe thoracic injuries and very high injury severity scores, this concept has been associated with adverse outcomes. Therefore, in a further era that began in the 1990s, a different approach has been favored for these subgroups. It recommends early (initial) temporary stabilization followed by secondary definitive osteosynthesis of major fractures in patients at high risk of developing systemic complications. In the last decade, attempts have been made to determine which patients benefit from early total care and which ones should undergo a secondary definitive approach. This manuscript provides a historical overview on the changing treatment of fractures and summarizes the evolution of "damage control orthopedic surgery."

Patterns of mortality and causes of death in polytrauma patients—Has anything changed?

Abstract: Introduction Numerous articles have examined the pattern of traumatic deaths. Most of these studies have aimed to improve trauma care and raise awareness of avoidable complications. The aim of the present review is to evaluate whether the distribution of complications and mortality has changed. Materials and methods A review of the published literature to identify studies examining patterns and causes of death following trauma treated in level 1 hospitals published between 1980 and 2008. PubMed was searched using the following terms: Trauma Epidemiology , Injury Pattern , Trauma Deaths , and Causes of Death . Three time periods were differentiated: ( n =6, 1980–1989), ( n =6, 1990–1999), and ( n =10, 2000–2008). The results were limited to the English and/or German language. Manuscripts were analysed to identify the age, injury severity score (ISS), patterns and causes of death mentioned in studies. Results Twenty-two publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the review. A decrease of haemorrhage-induced deaths (25–15%) has occurred within the last decade. No considerable changes in the incidence and pattern of death were found. The predominant cause of death after trauma continues to be central nervous system (CNS) injury (21.6–71.5%), followed by exsanguination (12.5–26.6%), while sepsis (3.1–17%) and multi-organ failure (MOF) (1.6–9%) continue to be predominant causes of late death. Discussion Comparing manuscripts from the last three decades revealed a reduction in the mortality rate from exsanguination. Rates of the other causes of death appear to be unchanged. These improvements might be explained by developments in the availability of multislice CT, implementation of ATLS concepts and logistics of emergency rescue.

Changes in the management of femoral shaft fractures in polytrauma patients: from early total care to damage control orthopedic surgery.

Abstract: Background: The optimal treatment of major fractures in patients with blunt multiple injuries continues to be discussed. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical course of polytrauma patients treated at a Level I trauma center within the last two decades regarding the effect of changes in the management of their femoral shaft fracture. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study performed at a Level I trauma center, the patient injuries and clinical outcomes were studied. Adult blunt polytrauma patients were included if a femoral shaft fracture eligible for intramedullary stabilization was stabilized (including external fixation) primarily < 8 hours after primary admission. Patients were separated according to the management strategies for the femur fracture (I° intramedullary nailing [I°IMN]; I° external fixation [I°EF]; I° plate osteosynthesis [I°plate]) followed during a certain time period: (1) early total care (ETC) (January 1, 1981-December 31, 1989) and early (< 24 hours) definitive stabilization; (2) intermediate (INT) (January 1, 1990-December 31, 1992) change in the protocol; or (3) damage control orthopedic surgery (DCO) (January 1, 1993-December 31, 2000), early (< 24 hours) temporary stabilization, and secondary conversion to intramedullary nailing in patients at risk of organ failure. Results: The patient groups were comparable regarding age, gender distribution, and the mechanism of injury. Primary external fixation was performed significantly more frequent in the INT (23.9%) and DCO (35.6%) groups compared with the ETC group (16.6%) (p = 0.02 ETC vs. DCO). Plating of the femur was almost abolished in the 1990s (DCO, 6.8%; ETC, 23.4%). In the subgroups categorized to I°EF (ETC, 41.1 points; INT, 37.1 points; DCO, 39.1 points), the general injury severity was higher in comparison with the I°IMN group (ETC, 38.3%; INT, 36.1%; DCO, 35.8%). Thoracic or abdominal injuries accounted for significantly higher numbers of patients submitted to I°EF in the INT (13.6%, p = 0.03) and DCO (17.3%, p = 0.01) groups, compared with the ETC (8.1%) group. A higher incidence of reamed nailing was present in the ETC group compared with the other groups (ETC, 96.1%; INT, 73.7%; DCO, 13.5%). No significant differences in the incidence of local complications were found. The incidence of multiple organ failure decreased significantly from the ETC to the DCO period regardless of the type of treatment of the femoral fracture. Moreover, there was a significantly higher incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) when I°IMN (15.1%) and I°EF (9.1%) in the DCO subgroup were compared. Conclusion: A significant reduction in the incidence of general systemic complications regardless of the type of femur fixation used was found when comparing the time periods of 1981 to 1989 (ETC), 1990 to 1992 (INT), and 1993 to 2000 (DCO). The change in treatment protocols to external fixation and from reamed to unreamed nailing was not associated with an increased rate of local complications (pin-track infections, delayed unions, nonunions). Among other causes for the improved general outcome during the most recent time period (DCO), an increase in the frequency of air rescue, a change from reamed to unreamed nailing, and an increased awareness toward thoracic and abdominal injuries may have played a role. Even during the DCO era, IMN was associated with a higher rate of ARDS than I°EF.

Treatment results of patients with multiple trauma: an analysis of 3406 cases treated between 1972 and 1991 at a German Level I Trauma Center.

Abstract: The quality and progress of treatment for 3406 multiple trauma patients was reviewed retrospectively. Two periods (1972 to 1981, the first decade, and 1982 to 1991, the second decade) were compared. Sixty-nine percent of patients with multiple trauma had cerebral injuries, 62% thoracic trauma, and 86% fractures (40% open fractures). Concerning injury combinations, there was an increase of head/extremity injuries and thoracic/extremity injuries, whereas all combinations with abdominal injuries decreased. The relation between severity of injury as well as number of injured body regions and the mortality rate was significant. In the second decade prehospital care became more aggressive with an increase in use of intravenous fluid resuscitation (from 80% to 98%), intubation (from 84% to 91%), and chest tube insertion (from 37% to 76%). Rescue times were progressively shortened. For initial clinical diagnosis of massive abdominal hemorrhage, ultrasound (89%) nearly replaced peritoneal lavage (10%) and led to earlier surgical approach. For diagnosis of head injury, CT scan was used more frequently. Primary stabilization of long bone fractures, especially of the lower limb, is recommended. Concerning complications, the change in volume therapy helped to nearly eliminate acute renal failure (from 8.4% to 3.7%), the modification of respirator treatment led to a decrease of pulmonary insufficiency (ARDS; from 18.2% to 12.0%), whereas the rate of multiple organ failure increased. The mortality rate declined from 37% in the first decade to 22% in the second decade. The incidence of lethal multiple organ failure increased from 13.8% in the first decade to 18.6% in the second decade, whereas the mortality rate of ARDS decreased from 32.4% to 15.9%. Further reduction of incidents of death is only possible with causal therapy of posttraumatic organ failure immediately after injury.

I and i

Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality. Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

The European commission

Abstract: 2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract: Summary Background Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Findings 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.