Nomenclature of Proteins of Cow's Milk: Fifth Revision

Bovine immunoglobulins: An augmented review

The biology of Echinococcus, the causative agent of echinococcosis (hydatid disease) is reviewed with emphasis on the developmental biology of the adult and metacestode stages of the parasite. Major advances include determining the origin, structure and functional activities of the laminated layer and its relationship with the germinal layer; and the isolation, in vitro establishment and characterization of the multipotential germinal cells. Future challenges are to identify the mechanisms that provide Echinococcus with its unique developmental plasticity and the nature of activities at the parasite-host interface, particularly in the definitive host. The revised taxonomy of Echinococcus is presented and the solid nomenclature it provides will be essential in understanding the epidemiology of echinococcosis.

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Biology and Systematics of Echinococcus.

Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves II. The rate of absorption

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Hormonal Control of Lactation

Summary

The Mancini method for the measurement of bovine immunoglobulin classes, and the preparation of pure antigens and antibodies are described in thorough technical detail.



Zusammenfassung

Methoden der Isolierung, Reinigung und quantitativen Bestimmung von Rinder-Immunglobulinen Ein uberblick uber die Technik



Es wird eine grundliche Beschreibung von technischen Details der Mancini-Methode zum Nachweis der Rinder-Immunglobulinklassen gegeben. Ferner werden die Methoden zur Praparation reiner Antigene und Antikoorper geschildert.



Resume

Methodes d'isolement, de purification et de determination quantitative des immunoglobulines bovines. Un apercu sur la technique



Les details techniques de la methode de Mancini pour la mise en evidence des classes d'immunoglobulines bovines sont decrits de facon approfondie. On presente les methodes de preparation des antigenes et des anticorps purs.



Resumen

Metodos de aislamiento, purificacion valoracion y cuantitativa de las inmunoglobulinas bovinas. Una vision de conjunto sobre las tecnicas



Se facilita una descripcion exhaustiva de detalles tecnicos relativos al procedimiento de Mancini para identificar las clases de inmunoglobulinas vacunas. Tambien se describen los metodos para preparar antigenos y anticuerpos puros.

Methods of isolation, purification and quantitation of bovine immunoglobulins: a technical review.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was adapted for the serological differential diagnosis of cystic or alveolar echinococcosis in man caused by Echinococcus granulosus or E. multilocularis respectively. By affinity chromatography using rabbit anti hydatid fluid IgG coupled covalently to CNBr-Sepharose 4B a protein fraction (Em 1) containing shared antigens of both parasites could be isolated from an extract of E. multilocularis metacestode tissue. From the same source another antigen fraction (Em 2) with a high degree of specificity for E. multilocularis was prepared by immunosorption. Antigen Em 1 was equally sensitive for the detection of antibodies against E. granulosus and E. multilocularis, whereas antigen fraction Em 2 appeared to be more specific for E. multilocularis. A correct serological differential diagnosis was achieved in 95% of 57 confirmed cases of human cystic or alveolar echinococcosis by the simultaneous use of both antigen fractions in the ELISA and by comparison of their reactivities.

Serological differentiation between Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis infections in man.

As a result of these studies,l it has become generally accepted that specific agglutinating antibody against the K antigens of E . coli is the factor in colostrum that protects the calf against colisepticemia and other forms of colibacillosis. A colostrum without K-antibodies would be as worthless as no colostrum at alL4 Glantz and Jacks ZG also observed a positive correlation: Antibody in the serum was associated with survival of calves given E . coli serotype 115:K:H18, but not the less virulent 9:K35:T10. He only determined 0-antibodies. Gay and colleagues 22-24 do not share Brigs’s opinion. According to the former, it is most unlikely that K-agglutinins are the factor in colostrum protecting calves against colisepticemia, for it has been shown in field studies that although calves receive 0-agglutinin, in the colostrum they do not usually receive agglutinins against the K-antigens of the same E . coli strains. Calves fed colostrum and challenged with strain 137:K79:H41 were resistant to the colisepticemic form of colibacillosis regardless of the presence or absence of agglutinins to this strain in their sera. Vaccination of pregnant cows seems to be an effective means of controlling colibacillosis. Schoenaers and c011eagues,~~ in 172 herds, observed a decrease of calf mortality due to colibacillosis from 24.5% to 1.5%. In serum-protection experiments with strains 0 78 and 0 115 and sera with varying content of specific antibodies against‘ those two types, Dam lo saw a significantly higher rate of survival among calves treated with sera of high antibody content. examined a pool of some 30 colostrum sera serologically and by the mouse protection test and found a high antibody content against different pneumococcus types and E . rkusiopathiae, a moderate titer against strains of E . coIi and P . multocida, and a low titer against S. typkimuriuin and Sc. aronson. When absorbed by a given strain, the colostrum-serum pool still contained an amount of nonspecific protective substances against that given strain. The serum of the newborn calf either does not contain gammaglobulin or contains only traces of it, which do not appear in its serum until after the ingestion of colostrum, and the acquisition of antibodies is entirely dependent upon the acquisition of these globulins. The same conditions are present in the piglet, the lamb, kid, and foal. The site of absorption of these proteins is the Trainin

Immunology of the newborn calf: its relationship to colisepticemia*

Summary

Homocytotropic antibodies capable of sensitizing equine skin were demonstrated in equine serum three weeks following antigenic stimulation with o-DNCP-BSA. The heat labile antibody had a molecular weight of about 200,000 daltons. Positive Prausnitz-Kustner reactions demonstrated that homocytotropic antibodies persist in equine skin for at least ten days. This reaginic immunoglobulin class was separated from appropriate antisera by ammonium sulphate precipitation and purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephacryl S 200 columns. Ten μg. protein of the final preparation was capable of eliciting a positive PCA. In immunodiffusion tests the immunoglobulin class associated with the skin-sensitizing activity did not cross-react with antisera against the known equine immunoglobulin classes. The results indicate that homocytotropic antibody activity in the equine is associated with an immunoglobulin class analogous to human IgE.



Zusammenfassung

Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Pferde-IgE



Drei Wochen nach der Immunisierung mit o-DNCP-BSA konnten beim Pferd homocytotrope Antikorper nachgewiesen werden. Dieser hitzelabile Antikorper wies ein Molekulargewicht von 200 000 Daltons auf. Er persistierte wenigstens 10 Tage in Pferdehaut, was anhand von positiven Prausnitz-Kustner-Reaktionen gezeigt werden konnte. Seren von immunisierten Pferden wurden mit Ammoniumsulfat ausgesalzen und der reagine Antikorper mittels Anionenaustausch an DEAE-Cellulose und Gelfiltration an Sephacryl S 200 weiter gereinigt. Zehn μg der best gereinigten Fraktion waren ausreichend, um einen positiven PCA zu produzieren. Kaninchen-Antiseren gegen diese Fraktion zeigten im Ouchterlonytest keine Kreuzreaktion gegen die bekannten Pferde-Immunoglobulinklassen. Die Resultate lassen den Schlus zu, das das Pferd einen cytophilen Antikorper besitzt, der ahnliche Charakteristika wie humanes IgE aufweist.



Resume

Isolement et caracterisation des IgE du cheval



Des anticorps homocytotropes ont ete mis en evidence trois semaines apres l'immunisation avec o-DNCP-BSA chez le cheval. Cet anticorps thermolabile avait un poids moleculaire de 200 000 Daltons. Il persista au minimum 10 jours dans la peau, ce qui a pu etre montre avec des reactions de Prausnitz-Kustner positives. Les serums des chevaux immunises furent traites au sulfate d'ammonium et les anticorps purifies sur DEAE-Cellulose et en filtration sur gel a Sephacryl S 200. Dix μg de la fraction la mieux purifiee ont ete suffisants pour produire un PCA positif. Des antiserums de lapin contre cette fraction n'ont montre aucune reaction croisee avec les classes connues d'immunoglobulines du cheval dans le test d'Ouchterlony. Les resultats permettent de conclure que le cheval possede un anticorps cytophile qui presente les memes caracteristiques que l'IgE humaine.



Resumen

Aislamiento y caracterizacion de la IgE del caballo



Tres semanas tras la inmunizacion con o-DNCP-BSA se pudieron poner en evidencia en el caballo anticuerpos homocitotropos. Este anticuerpo termolabil tenia un peso molecular de 200.000 daltones. Persistia al menos 10 dias en la piel de caballo, lo cual se pudo demostrar con ayuda de reacciones Prausnitz-Kustner positivas. Los sueros sanguineos de caballos inmunizados se precipitaron con sulfato amonico y el anticuerpo reaginico se siguio purificando mediante intercambio de aniones a celulosa DEAE y filtracion por gelosa en sephacryl S 200. Diez μg de la fraccion purificada mejor eran suficientes para producir una anafilaxia cutanea pasiva (ACP) positiva. Los antisueros de conejo frente a esta fraccion no mostraban ninguna reaccion cruzada en la prueba de Ouchterlony con las clases conocidas de inmunoglobulinas de caballo. Los resultados permiten llegar a la conclusion de que el caballo posee un anticuerpo citofilo, el cual tiene caracteristicas semejantes a la IgE humana.

Hans Fey

Papers

Methods of isolation, purification and quantitation of bovine immunoglobulins: a technical review.

Serological differentiation between Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis infections in man.

Immunology of the newborn calf: its relationship to colisepticemia*

Isolation and Characterisation of Equine IgE

Measurement of staphylococcal protein A and detection of protein A-carrying staphylococcus strains by a competitive ELISA method