The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

A wide range of methods for analysis of airborne- and satellite-derived imagery continues to be proposed and assessed. In this paper, we review remote sensing implementations of support vector machines (SVMs), a promising machine learning methodology. This review is timely due to the exponentially increasing number of works published in recent years. SVMs are particularly appealing in the remote sensing field due to their ability to generalize well even with limited training samples, a common limitation for remote sensing applications. However, they also suffer from parameter assignment issues that can significantly affect obtained results. A summary of empirical results is provided for various applications of over one hundred published works (as of April, 2010). It is our hope that this survey will provide guidelines for future applications of SVMs and possible areas of algorithm enhancement.

https://www.aboutgis.com/Publications/Mountrakis_SVM_review_in_remote_sensing_ISPRS2010.pdf

Support vector machines in remote sensing: A review

A scheme is developed for classifying the types of motion perceived by a humanlike robot. It is assumed that the robot receives visual images of the scene using a perspective system model. Equations, theorems, concepts, clues, etc., relating the objects, their positions, and their motion to their images on the focal plane are presented. >

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel2/815/3148/00100651.pdf

Robot vision

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Remote Sensing And Image Interpretation

Computer and Robot Vision Vol. 1, by R.M. Haralick and Linda G. Shapiro, Addison-Wesley, 1992, ISBN 0-201-10887-1.

Computer and Robot Vision

Whittles Publishing is delighted to announce that Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning has been awarded the Karl Kraus Medal by the ISPRS with the presentation being made on 31st August at the XXII Congress in Melbourne We are also very pleased for all the authors who have contributed to the book and especially to George Vosselman and Hans-Gerd Maas for their commitment and expertise which has resulted in such an acclaimed and highly successful book It is gratifying that our growing list of geomatics titles continues to receive recognition and we are endeavouring to create more books that will be equally well-received and useful

	Written by a team of international experts, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the major applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning The book focuses on principles and methods and presents an integrated treatment of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning technology

	Laser scanning is a relatively young 3D measurement technique offering much potential in the acquisition of precise and reliable 3D geodata and object geometries However, there are many terrestrial and airborne scanners on the market, accompanied by numerous software packages that handle data acquisition, processing and visualization, yet existing knowledge is fragmented over a wide variety of publications, whether printed or electronic

	This book brings together the various facets of the subject in a coherent text that will be relevant for advanced students, academics and practitioners After consideration of the technology and processing methods, the book turns to applications The primary use thus far has been the extraction of digital terrain models from airborne laser scanning data, but many other applications are considered including engineering, forestry, cultural heritage, extraction of 3D building models and mobile mapping

Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) is a well-known technique for the determination of velocity vectors within an observation volume. However, for a long time it has rarely been applied because of the intensive effort necessary to measure coordinates of a large number of flow marker particles in many images. With today's imaging hardware in combination with the methods of digital image processing and digital photogrammetry, however, new possibilities have arisen for the design of completely automatic PTV systems. A powerful 3D PTV has been developed in a cooperation of the Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry with the Institute of Hydromechanics and Water Resources Management at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. In this paper hardware components for 3D PTV systems wil be discussed, and a strict mathematical model of photogrammetric 3D coordinate determination, taking into account the different refractive indices in the optical path, will be presented. The system described is capable of determining coordinate sets of some 1000 particles in a flow field at a time resolution of 25 datasets per second and almost arbitrary sequence length completely automatically after an initialization by an operator. The strict mathematical modelling of the measurement geometry, together with a thorough calibration of the system provide for a coordinate accuracy of typically 0.06 mm in X, Y and 0.18 mm in Z (depth coordinate) in a volume of 200 × 160 × 50 mm3.

Particle tracking velocimetry in three-dimensional flows

Two new techniques for the determination of building models from laser altimetry data are presented. Both techniques work on the original laser scanner data points without the requirement of an interpolation to a regular grid. Available ground plan information may be used, but is not required. Closed solutions for the determination of the parameters of a standard gable roof type building model based on invariant moments of 2 1r2-D point clouds are shown. In addition, the analysis of deviations between point cloud and model does allow for modelling asymmetries such as dorms on a gable roof. By intersecting planar faces nonparametric buildings with more complex roof types can also be modelled. The techniques were applied to a FLI-MAP laser scanner dataset covering an area of 500= 250 m 2 with a density of more than 5 pointsrm 2 . Within this region, all but one building could be modelled. An analysis of the variance of the parameters within a group of buildings indicates a precision in the range of 0.1-0.2 m. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

http://www.lidar.com.br/arquivos/extractbuildingmodels.pdf

Two algorithms for extracting building models from raw laser altimetry data

Terrestrial laser scanners find rapidly growing interest in photogrammetry as efficient tools for fast and reliable three-dimensional (3D) point cloud data acquisition. They have opened a wide range of application fields within a short period of time. Beyond interactive measurement in 3D point clouds, techniques for the automatic detection of objects and the determination of geometric parameters form a high priority research issue. With the quality of 3D point clouds generated by laser scanners and the automation potential in data processing, terrestrial laser scanning is also becoming a useful tool for forest inventory. This paper presents a brief review of current laser scanner systems from a technological point of view and discusses different scanner technologies and system parameters regarding their suitability for forestry applications. Methods for the automatic detection of trees in terrestrial laser scanner data as well as the automatic determination of diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height and 3D stem profiles are outlined. Reliability and precision of the techniques are analysed on the basis of several pilot studies. In these pilot studies more than 97% of the trees could be detected correctly, and DBH could be determined with a precision of about 1.8 cm.

Automatic forest inventory parameter determination from terrestrial laser scanner data

The fragile landscape of the north European loess belt is prone to soil erosion due to soil properties and intense land use of the fertile region. Exact measurement of surface changes with high temporal and spatial resolution over large areas is necessary to quantify and understand rill and interrill erosion processes. High resolution aerial imagery, acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), is used to automatically generate precise digital surface models (DSMs) of high spatial resolution by applying structure-from-motion image processing tools. During an investigation period of ten months, a 600 m2 field plot is observed during four field campaigns. A stable reference system is established for multi-temporal comparison. The overall accuracy of the DSMs generated from UAV images is less than 1 cm, verified by comparison with terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) data. Furthermore, a method for automatic rill extraction and rill parameter calculation is developed, which enables objective rill description with cm-accuracy and -resolution. Soil surface roughness and rill development as well as volumetric quantifications are analysed for multi-temporal change detection. Surface changes during winter season are controlled by soil consolidation, crusting and sheet erosion. During rainy spring season sheet erosion and rill incision occur. Two thunderstorms in summer season cause dominant rill erosion. Erosion rills are more dominantly deepening than widening (from to 2 to 4 cm depth and from 17 to 23 cm width), resulting in average per rill erosion values of 0.03 and 0.07 m3 respectively. An orientation dependent lateral rill shift is revealed, implying rill widening in eastern direction due to dominant winds from the West. Volumetric quantifications indicate high erosion volumes, reaching up to 121 tha-1 during the summer events. Highest erosion volumes are due to rill erosion rather than interrill erosion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Hans-Gerd Maas

Papers

Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Particle tracking velocimetry in three-dimensional flows

Two algorithms for extracting building models from raw laser altimetry data

Automatic forest inventory parameter determination from terrestrial laser scanner data

Multi‐temporal UAV data for automatic measurement of rill and interrill erosion on loess soil