Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and

Childhood and Society.

Background.The PedsQL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory) (Children’s Hospital and Health Center, San Diego, California) is a modular instrument for measuring health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents ages 2 to 18. The PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales are multidimensional ch

PedsQL 4.0: reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations.

The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire

Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.)

Mind, Self and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist

The aim of this study was to identify normative developmental trajectories of parent-reported problems assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; T. M. Achenbach, 1991) in a representative sample of 2,076 children aged 4 to 18 years from the general population. The trajectories were determined by multilevel growth curve analyses on the CBCL syndromes in a longitudinal multiple birth-cohort sample that was assessed 5 times with 2-year intervals. Most syndromes showed a linear increase or decrease with age or a curvilinear trajectory, except for thought problems. Trajectories for most syndromes differed for boys versus girls, except those for withdrawn, social problems, and thought problems. These normative developmental trajectories provide information against which developmental deviance in childhood and adolescence can be detected.

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The normative development of child and adolescent problem behavior

This article describes the average and group-based developmental trajectories of aggression, opposition, property violations, and status violations using parent reports of externalizing behaviors on a longitudinal multiple birth cohort study of 2,076 children aged 4 to 18 years. Trajectories were estimated from multilevel growth curve analyses and semiparametric mixture models. Overall, males showed higher levels of externalizing behavior than did females. Aggression, opposition, and property violations decreased on average, whereas status violations increased over time. Group-based trajectories followed the shape of the average curves at different levels and were similar for males and females. The trajectories found in this study provide a basis against which deviations from the expected developmental course can be identified and classified as deviant or nondeviant.

/pdf/developmental-trajectories-of-externalizing-behaviors-in-2rk1uhyde2.pdf

Developmental Trajectories of Externalizing Behaviors in Childhood and Adolescence

Background: The main objective of this study was to assess and compare the prevalence of a wide range of emotional and behavioral problems in children with and without intellectual disability (ID) Methods: We studied 1,041 non-residential children randomly selected from special schools for educable (IQ 60 to 80) and trainable (IQ 30 to 60) children without severe additional physical or sensory impairments, and compared them to 1,855 children randomly selected from the general population (both ages 6 to 18) Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and teachers the Teacher's Report Form (TRF) Results: Controlling for sex, age, and socioeconomic status, we found that both educable and trainable children had significantly higher mean scores on all CBCL and TRF scales than children without ID, except for trainable children on the scales Anxious/Depressed and Somatic Complaints Almost 50% of children with ID had a Total Problem score in the deviant range compared to about 18% in children without ID Compared to children without ID, the most prominent problem behaviors of educable children were Social Problems, Attention Problems, and Aggressive Behavior, and trainable children had an increased risk for Social Problems, Attention Problems, Withdrawn and Thought Problems Conclusions: Elevated scale scores reflected differences between children with and without ID over a broad range of items, and not solely on items more likely to be related to developmental delay Therefore, problem areas covered by the items in these scales deserve special attention in the mental health care of children with ID

Emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability

There is increasing interest in measuring quality of life (QL) in children and adolescents, but this interest has developed without careful attention given numerous important issues. Consequently, there is much diversity and confusion in this measurement area. We discuss at a conceptual level herein how to construe and define QL, approach its measurement, and the implications of for whom this is done. Methodological issues pertaining to validation, proxy report, and child development are also discussed. Guidelines for selecting QL measures are provided and a set of generic QL measures is recommended for further consideration. Finally, applications of the QL concept in the policy, service and care, and science areas are delineated.

Quality of life measurement in children and adolescents: issues, instruments, and applications.

The aim of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the COMFORT scale as a postoperative pain instrument for children aged 0–3 years. Subjects were 158 neonates and toddlers after major abdominal or thoracic surgery. Trained nurses rated the children's pain at 3, 6 and 9 h postoperative on the Pediatric Surgical Intensive Care Unit using the COMFORT and a VAS for pain. Interrater reliability of the COMFORT items proved to be good (Kappa 0.63–0.93) for all items with the exception of the item ‘Respiratory response’, which was moderate (Kappa 0.54). LISREL analyses showed that the structure of the COMFORT data was best represented by three latent variables: COMFORT ‘behaviour’ with loadings from the behavioural items (Alertness, Calmness, Respiratory response/Crying, Physical movement, Muscle tone and Facial tension) and separate latent variables for ‘Heart rate baseline’ (HR) and ‘Mean arterial blood pressure baseline’ (MAP). Factor loadings of the items were invariant across time, indicating stability of the structure. The latent variables COMFORT ‘behaviour’ and VAS pain were highly interrelated indicating congruent validity. Stability of COMFORT ‘behaviour’ and VAS pain was moderate which might be due to varying painful episodes in this sample. HR and MAP, although stable across time, were weakly related to VAS pain and COMFORT ‘behaviour’. These findings support the use of the COMFORT ‘behaviour’ scale to assess postoperative pain in neonates and infants.

Hans M. Koot

Papers

The normative development of child and adolescent problem behavior

Developmental Trajectories of Externalizing Behaviors in Childhood and Adolescence

Emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability

Quality of life measurement in children and adolescents: issues, instruments, and applications.

The reliability and validity of the COMFORT scale as a postoperative pain instrument in 0 to 3-year-old infants.