다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Recent developments in isocyanide based multicomponent reactions in applied chemistry

s, or keywords if they used Heck-type chemistry in their syntheses, because it became one of basic tools of organic preparations, a natural way to

http://aether.cmi.ua.ac.be/artikels/Artikels%20Gitte/Artikels/Reviews/Heck%20reactie%20Beletskaya%20%20Chem.%20Rev.%20003009.pdf

The heck reaction as a sharpening stone of palladium catalysis.

https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/pdf/suzuki.cross-coupling.review.1995-1998.pdf

Recent advances in the cross-coupling reactions of organoboron derivatives with organic electrophiles, 1995–1998

Donor-acceptor-substituted cyclopropane derivatives and their application in organic synthesis.

Preface.List of Contributors.PART I. SYNTHETIC METHODS.Direct Conversion of Sugar Glycosides into Carbocycles (Peter I. Dalko and Pierre Sinay).Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers: A Long-Standing Problem Has Been Solved (Fritz Theil).Take The Right Catalyst: Palladium-Catalyzed CC-, CN- and CO-Bond Formation on Chloro-Arenes (Rainer Stumer).Alkyne Metathesis in Natural Product Synthesis (Thomas Lindel).Transition Metal-Catalyzed Functionalization of Alkanes (Oliver Seitz).An Eldorado for Homogeneous Catalysis? (Gerald Dyker).New and Selective Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions of Allenes (A. Stephen K. Hashmi).Controlling Stereoselectivity with the Aid of a Reagent-Directing Group (Bernhard Breit).Solvent-Free Organic Syntheses (Jurgen O. Metzger).Fluorous Techniques: Progress in Reaction-Processing and Purification (Ulf Diederichsen).Recent Developments in Using Ionic Liquids as Solvents and Catalysts for Organic Synthesis (Peter Wasserscheid).Recent Advances on the Sharpless Asymmetric Aminohydroxylation (Dmitry Nilov and Oli ver Reiser).Asymmetric Phase Transfer Catalysis (Christabel Carter and Adam Nelson).Asymmetric Catalytic Aminoalkylations: New Powerful Methods for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Amino Acid Derivatives, Mannich Bases, and Homoallylic Amines (Michael Arend and Xiaojing Wang).IBX - New Reactions with an Old Reagent (Thomas Wirth).Parallel Kinetic Resolutions (Jason Eames).The Asymmetric Baylis-Hillman-Reaction (Peter Langer).Simple Amino Acids and Short-Chain Peptides as Efficient Metal-free Catalysts in Asymmetric Syntheses (Harald Groger, et al.).Recent Developments in Catalytic Asymmetric Strecker-Type Reactions (Larry Yet).Highly Enantioselective or Not? - Chiral Monodentate Monophosphorus Ligands in the Asymmetric Hydrogenation (Igor V. Komarov and Armin Borner).Improving Enantioselective Fluorination Reactions: Chiral N-Fluoro Ammonium Salts and Transition Metal Catalysts (Kilian Muniz).Catalytic Asymmetric Olefin Metathesis (Amir H. Hoveyda and Richard R. Schrock).Activating Protecting Groups for the Solid Phase Synthesis and Modification of Peptides, Oligonucleotides and Oligosaccharides (Oliver Seitz).Traceless Linkers for Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis (Florencio Zaragoza Dorwald).Merging Solid-Phase and Solution-Phase Synthesis: The "Resin-Capture- Release" Hybrid Technique (Andreas Kirschning and Rudiger Wittenberg).Polymeric Scavenger Reagents in Organic Synthesis (Jason Eames and Michael Watkinson).PART II. APPLICATIONS.Total Syntheses of Vancomycin (Lars H. Thoresen and Kevin Burgess).Bryostatin and Their Analogues (Ulf Diederichsen).Eleutherobin: Synthesis, Structure/Activity Relationship, and Pharmacophore (Ulf Diederichsen).Total Synthesis of the Natural Products CP-263,114 and CP-225,917 (Ulf Diederichsen and Katrin B. Lorenz).Polyene Cyclization to Adociasulfate 1 (Thomas Lindel and Cordula Hopmann).Sanglifehrin A: An Immunosuppressant Natural Product from Malawi (Thomas Lindel).Short Syntheses of the Spirotryprostatins (Thomas Lindel).The Chemical Total Synthesis of Proteins (Oliver Seitz).Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharides (Ulf Diederichsen and Thomas Wagner).Polymer-Supported Synthesis of Non-Oligomeric Natural Products (Stefan Sommer, et al.).Explosions as a Synthetic Tool? Cycloalkynes as Precursors to Fullerenes, Buckytubes and Buckyonions (Rudiger Faust).Dendralenes: From a Neglected Class of Polyenes to Versatile Starting Materials in Organic Synthesis (Henning Hopf).Fascinating Natural and Artificial Cyclopropane Architectures (Rudiger Faust).Index.

Organic Synthesis Highlights

As master craftsmen, modern synthetic chemists are challenged to achieve remarkable feats of efficiency and elegance toward molecular targets. The nature of this pursuit necessitates the collection of synthetic repertoires that are tried and true. With methodologies and pathways increasingly scrutinized, the adept chemist must seek out propitious tools to incorporate into the arsenal. With this in mind, this Account highlights the versatility of alkoxyallenes as precursors to valuable heterocyclic building blocks for such efforts as natural product synthesis. Accessed by the etherification of either propargyl alcohols or propargylic halides, alkoxyallenes are obtained after base-catalyzed isomerizations of the propargylic ethers. A host of umpolung synthons are available through this scheme after metalation, generating C3 nucleophiles synthetically equivalent to vital anionic and zwitterionic synthons. Reactions with a diverse set of heteroatomic electrophiles yield carbohydrates, spiroketals, alkaloids, ...

Sugars, Alkaloids, and Heteroaromatics: Exploring Heterocyclic Chemistry with Alkoxyallenes†

The concept of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions was presented by Rolf Huisgen 60 years ago. Previously unknown reactive intermediates, for example azomethine ylides, were introduced to organic chemistry and the (3+2) cycloadditions of 1,3-dipoles to multiple-bond systems (Huisgen reaction) developed into one of the most versatile synthetic methods in heterocyclic chemistry. In this Review, we present the history of this research area, highlight important older reports, and describe the evolution and further development of the concept. The most important mechanistic and synthetic results are discussed. Quantum-mechanical calculations support the concerted mechanism always favored by R. Huisgen; however, in extreme cases intermediates may be involved. The impact of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions on the click chemistry concept of K. B. Sharpless will also be discussed.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/anie.202003115

The Huisgen Reaction: Milestones of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition.

Alkoxyallenes are unusually versatile C3 building blocks in organic synthesis. Hence this tutorial review summarizes the most important transformations, including subsequent reactions and their applications in the synthesis of relevant compounds, e.g. natural products. The reactivity patterns involved and the synthons derived from alkoxyallenes are presented. Often alkoxyallenes can serve as substitutes of acrolein or acrolein acetals, utilisation of which has already led to interesting products. Most important is the use of lithiated alkoxyallenes which smoothly react with a variety of electrophiles and lead to products with unique substitution patterns. The heterocycles or carbocycles formed are intermediates for the stereoselective synthesis of natural products or for the preparation of other structurally relevant compounds. The different synthons being put into practice by the use of lithiated alkoxyallenes in these variations will be discussed.

/pdf/alkoxyallenes-as-building-blocks-for-organic-synthesis-4wnuplo3yc.pdf

Hans-Ulrich Reissig

Papers

Donor-acceptor-substituted cyclopropane derivatives and their application in organic synthesis.

Organic Synthesis Highlights

Sugars, Alkaloids, and Heteroaromatics: Exploring Heterocyclic Chemistry with Alkoxyallenes†

The Huisgen Reaction: Milestones of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition.

Alkoxyallenes as building blocks for organic synthesis