In this paper we present a novel two-camera-based accurate vehicle speed detection system. Two high-resolution cameras, with high-speed and narrow field of view, are mounted on a fixed pole. Using different focal lengths and orientations, each camera points to a different stretch of the road. Unlike standard average speed cameras, where the cameras are separated by several kilometers and the errors in measurement of distance can be in the order of several meters, our approach deals with a short stretch of a few meters, which involves a challenging scenario where distance estimation errors should be in the order of centimeters. The relative distance of the vehicles w.r.t. the cameras is computed using the license plate as a known reference. We demonstrate that there is a specific geometry between the cameras that minimizes the speed error. The system was tested on a real scenario using a vehicle equipped with DGPS to compute ground truth speed values. The obtained results validate the proposal with maximum speed errors < 3kmh at speeds up to 80kmh.

Two-camera based accurate vehicle speed measurement using average speed at a fixed point

The need to accurately estimate the speed of road vehicles is becoming increasingly important for at least two main reasons. First, the number of speed cameras installed worldwide has been growing in recent years, as the introduction and enforcement of appropriate speed limits is considered one of the most effective means to increase the road safety. Second, traffic monitoring and forecasting in road networks plays a fundamental role to enhance traffic, emissions and energy consumption in smart cities, being the speed of the vehicles one of the most relevant parameters of the traffic state. Among the technologies available for the accurate detection of vehicle speed, the use of vision-based systems brings great challenges to be solved, but also great potential advantages, such as the drastic reduction of costs due to the absence of expensive range sensors, and the possibility of identifying vehicles accurately. This paper provides a review of vision-based vehicle speed estimation. We describe the terminology, the application domains, and propose a complete taxonomy of a large selection of works that categorizes all stages involved. An overview of performance evaluation metrics and available datasets is provided. Finally, we discuss current limitations and future directions.

Vision-based vehicle speed estimation: A survey

This paper, presents a new Speed Detection Camera System (SDCS) that is applicable as a radar alternative. SDCS uses several image processing techniques on video stream in online -captured from single camera- or offline mode, which makes SDCS capable of calculating the speed of moving objects avoiding the traditional radars' problems. SDCS offers an en-expensive alternative to traditional radars with the same accuracy or even better. SDCS processes can be divided into four successive phases; first phase is Objects detection phase. Which uses a hybrid algorithm based on combining an adaptive background subtraction technique with a three-frame differencing algorithm which ratifies the major drawback of using only adaptive background subtraction? The second phase is Objects tracking, which consists of three successive operations, Object segmentation, Object labelling, and Object canter extraction. Objects tracking operation takes into consideration the different possible scenarios of the moving object like; Simple tracking, object has left the scene, object has entered the scene, object cross by another object, and object leaves and another one enters the scene. Third phase is speed calculation phase, which is calculated from the number of frames consumed by the object to pass-by the scene. The final phase is Capturing Object's Picture phase, which captures the image of objects that violate the speed limits. SDCS is implemented and tested in many experiments; it proved to have achieved a satisfactory performance.

/pdf/speed-detection-camera-system-using-image-processing-4xuxfxpgai.pdf

Speed Detection Camera System using Image Processing Techniques on Video Streams

Speed detection of a moving object using an optical camera has always been an important subject to study in computer vision. This is one of the key components to address in many application areas, such as transportation systems, military and naval applications, and robotics. In this study, we implemented a speed detection system for multiple moving objects on the ground from a moving platform in the air. A detect-and-track approach is used for primary tracking of the objects. Faster R-CNN (region-based convolutional neural network) is applied to detect the objects, and a discriminative correlation filter with CSRT (channel and spatial reliability tracking) is used for tracking. Feature-based image alignment (FBIA) is done for each frame to get the proper object location. In addition, SSIM (structural similarity index measurement) is performed to check how similar the current frame is with respect to the object detection frame. This measurement is necessary because the platform is moving, and new objects may be captured in a new frame. We achieved a speed accuracy of 96.80% with our framework with respect to the real speed of the objects.

https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/6/259/pdf

Speed Estimation of Multiple Moving Objects from a Moving UAV Platform

The aim of project is to design an automated speed detection system which can detect the speed of vehicles and if over-speeding occurs, extract the license number of vehicle and send it via email to Toll Plaza to charge fine. The system is designed for Punjab license plates which are currently implemented in Pakistan. Doppler effect phenomenon is used for the speed measurement. If over-speeding is detected, a camera automatically captures the picture of the vehicle and Digital Image Processing (DIP) techniques are applied to extract the license number. MATLAB is used for image processing. Afterwards, the extracted license plate number is sent via email to Toll Plaza. The results show that the proposed system successfully detects over speeding, extracts the license plate, has high performance and can be deployed on roads to check for over speeding.

Automated over speeding detection and reporting system

This paper, presents a new Speed Detection Camera System (SDCS) that is applicable as a radar alternative. SDCS uses several image processing techniques on video stream in online mode — captured from single camera- or offline mode, which makes SDCS capable of calculating the speed of moving objects avoiding the traditional radars' problems. SDCS offers an en-expensive alternative to traditional radars with the same accuracy or even better. SDCS is implemented and tested in many experiments; it proved to have achieved a satisfactory performance.

Towards speed detection camera system for a radar alternative

The testability of a protocol standard is a property of the standard that reflects the degree of precision in developing universal interpretation of what it means for an implementation to conform to the standard, and the ability to exercise the implementations of the protocol standard for purposes of assessing their conformance to the standard (Hazem El-Ghendy, et al., November 20-23, 1995). In this paper, we investigate the Conformance Testing Requirements (CTRs) of a protocol standard that result from the formal specification of the allowed (dynamic) behavior of the protocol standard. We focus on those CTRs that are applicable to all the international formal description techniques (FDTs); more specifically, SDL, Lotos, Estelle, and ASN.l. We develop a distinction among Implemenlorpsilas options, Implementerpsilas Choice, and Non-Deterministic Choices as well as testing semantics for each of them. Then, we develop rules for the explicit and precise specification of these CTRs, and for developing a precise and explicit P1X1TP (protocol implementation extra information for testing proforma). These rules are essential for facilitating the controllability and propagation of observability; consequently, enhancing the testability of the protocol standard.

Towards sound development of PIXITP, conformance test suites, and conforming implementations for various Formal Description Techniques

In this paper, we examine the adequacy of the current international protocol's implementation conformance statement proforma (PICSP) to meet the end user's conformance testing requirements (CTRs). We focus on those CTRs that are applicable to the international formal description techniques (FDTs). A number of shortfalls are uncovered. Then, we develop refinements called testability-directed PICSP (TDPICSP), of the current international PICSP to rectify the shortfalls. It also enhances the testability of the protocol standard. We illustrate our development by examples using international standards.

Formal development of universal protocol implementations conformance statement proforma

A multimedia-“ISO-Application Layer” Interface for interactions, via services called Input/Output Services, between desktop applications and voice terminals is presented in this paper. Input/Output services allow computer applications to provide users with enhanced services by exploitation of the characteristics of a variety of telephony device types. This is by interacting with a switch-based software object, called Information-Path, associated with the device that allows input to be received from the device and output to be sent to the device. A Standard specification for such an interface may be developed by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Tl Committee, ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association) TC32-TG11, or ITU/TSS (formerly CCITT) IN (Intelligent Networks) Group.

Hazem El-Gendy

Papers

Speed Detection Camera System using Image Processing Techniques on Video Streams

Towards speed detection camera system for a radar alternative

Towards sound development of PIXITP, conformance test suites, and conforming implementations for various Formal Description Techniques

Formal development of universal protocol implementations conformance statement proforma

Towards ISO interface protocol for interactive multimedia intelligent terminals