Helmut Knözinger

Bio: Helmut Knözinger is an academic researcher from Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. The author has contributed to research in topics: Catalysis & Adsorption. The author has an hindex of 62, co-authored 289 publications receiving 17624 citations. Previous affiliations of Helmut Knözinger include Max Planck Society & Thomas University.

Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis

Abstract: Preparation of Solid Catalysts. Characterization of Solid Catalysts. Model Systems. Elementary Steps and Mechanisms. Kinetics and Transport Processes. Deactivation and Regeneration. Special Catalytic Systems. Laboratory Reactors. Reaction Engineering. Environmental Catalysis. Inorganic Reactions. Energy-related Catalysis. Organic Reactions.

Catalytic Aluminas: Surface Models and Characterization of Surface Sites

Abstract: Aluminas have been used extensively as adsorbenu and active catalysrs and catalyst supponsm the pas. Already in 1197 the aluminadyzed dehydration of ettllnoi was dtscavered by Dutch chermsts: and S;rbatier [3] remewed the use of dumlnas as active cazaiysrs far vanous reacttons UI the second decade of thu century. She that time the applicazions of aluuuas m dycic pmcesses have mcreased tremendously. In tndustrral cualytic pmcesses, alumuus are mostiy used as catalyst suppons [4]. Oxides a d mued oxides ap well as tracuuion mauls and noble meare supported oa alumma. Thuscb. romaa-elumana catalysts are ktng used for the conversion of parafdns to olailnrc hydrocarbons, 10 hydrodealkplation of aromatics. and to a lesser exzm in catalyzic reforming. The larter process LS also caralyzed by molybdena-alumina, a cavlyst system whid is also active for malang toluene and ocher aromatics from satwed hydrocarc bons. It also dyzes the Isomerhation of pm. Great efions are presently be-made to nudy the surface c...

IR spectroscopy of small and weakly interacting molecular probes for acidic and basic zeolites

Abstract: The application of small and weakly interacting probe molecules for the characterization of acidic and basic properties by FTIR spectroscopy is exemplified by using H- and alkali cation-exchanged zeolites as typical solid Bronsted and Lewis acids and Lewis bases. Criteria for the selection of probe molecules are given. Bronsted acidity can be characterized by the H-bonding method when CO and N2 are used as molecular probes. Quantum chemical calculations are shown to provide important additional information on the electronic nature of the adsorption interaction and the vibrational behaviour of the probe molecule. Lewis acidity dominates in cation-exchanged zeolites for small cations (Li+, Na+) whereas basic properties develop with increasing cation radius. CO, CO2, N2 and CH4 interact with cation centers, the interaction energy decreasing with increasing cation radius. CO at very low equilibrium pressures permits a siting of Na+, and the Al distribution in six-rings (SII-sites) can be probed. CH4 interacts with cations in the M+···H3CH configuration having C3v symmetry. CH-acids such as Cl3CH(D), acetylene and methylacetylene, are shown to be potentially suitable probe molecules for basic properties using the H-bonding method. All three molecules undergo Oz2−···H–C H-bonding and the induced red-shift of the C–H stretching frequency permits a ranking of the base strength of a given series of materials.

Preparation of Solid Catalysts

Abstract: Developing Industrial Catalysts. Bulk Catalysts and Supports. Supported Catalysts. Zeolites and Related Molecular Sieves. Solid Superacids. Catalyst Forming. Computer-Aided Catalyst Design.

From Microporous to Mesoporous Molecular-Sieve Materials and Their Use in Catalysis

Abstract: It is possible to say that zeolites are the most widely used catalysts in industry They are crystalline microporous materials which have become extremely successful as catalysts for oil refining, petrochemistry, and organic synthesis in the production of fine and speciality chemicals, particularly when dealing with molecules having kinetic diameters below 10 A The reason for their success in catalysis is related to the following specific features of these materials:1 (1) They have very high surface area and adsorption capacity (2) The adsorption properties of the zeolites can be controlled, and they can be varied from hydrophobic to hydrophilic type materials (3) Active sites, such as acid sites for instance, can be generated in the framework and their strength and concentration can be tailored for a particular application (4) The sizes of their channels and cavities are in the range typical for many molecules of interest (5-12 A), and the strong electric fields2 existing in those micropores together with an electronic confinement of the guest molecules3 are responsible for a preactivation of the reactants (5) Their intricate channel structure allows the zeolites to present different types of shape selectivity, ie, product, reactant, and transition state, which can be used to direct a given catalytic reaction toward the desired product avoiding undesired side reactions (6) All of these properties of zeolites, which are of paramount importance in catalysis and make them attractive choices for the types of processes listed above, are ultimately dependent on the thermal and hydrothermal stability of these materials In the case of zeolites, they can be activated to produce very stable materials not just resistant to heat and steam but also to chemical attacks Avelino Corma Canos was born in Moncofar, Spain, in 1951 He studied chemistry at the Universidad de Valencia (1967−1973) and received his PhD at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid in 1976 He became director of the Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica (UPV-CSIC) at the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia in 1990 His current research field is zeolites as catalysts, covering aspects of synthesis, characterization and reactivity in acid−base and redox catalysis A Corma has written about 250 articles on these subjects in international journals, three books, and a number of reviews and book chapters He is a member of the Editorial Board of Zeolites, Catalysis Review Science and Engineering, Catalysis Letters, Applied Catalysis, Journal of Molecular Catalysis, Research Trends, CaTTech, and Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications A Corma is coauthor of 20 patents, five of them being for commercial applications He has been awarded with the Dupont Award on new materials (1995), and the Spanish National Award “Leonardo Torres Quevedo” on Technology Research (1996) 2373 Chem Rev 1997, 97, 2373−2419

Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: Simple Chemistry Meets Complex Physics?

Abstract: Nanocrystals are fundamental to modern science and technology. Mastery over the shape of a nanocrystal enables control of its properties and enhancement of its usefulness for a given application. Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of current research activities that center on the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We begin with a brief introduction to nucleation and growth within the context of metal nanocrystal synthesis, followed by a discussion of the possible shapes that a metal nanocrystal might take under different conditions. We then focus on a variety of experimental parameters that have been explored to manipulate the nucleation and growth of metal nanocrystals in solution-phase syntheses in an effort to generate specific shapes. We then elaborate on these approaches by selecting examples in which there is already reasonable understanding for the observed shape control or at least the protocols have proven to be reproducible and controllable. Finally, we highlight a number of applications that have been enabled and/or enhanced by the shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals. We conclude this article with personal perspectives on the directions toward which future research in this field might take.

Towards the computational design of solid catalysts

Abstract: Over the past decade the theoretical description of surface reactions has undergone a radical development. Advances in density functional theory mean it is now possible to describe catalytic reactions at surfaces with the detail and accuracy required for computational results to compare favourably with experiments. Theoretical methods can be used to describe surface chemical reactions in detail and to understand variations in catalytic activity from one catalyst to another. Here, we review the first steps towards using computational methods to design new catalysts. Examples include screening for catalysts with increased activity and catalysts with improved selectivity. We discuss how, in the future, such methods may be used to engineer the electronic structure of the active surface by changing its composition and structure.