These are my lecture notes from CS681: Design and Analysis of Algo rithms, a one-semester graduate course I taught at Cornell for three consec utive fall semesters from '88 to.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0071075X00000862

The functional response of predators to prey density and its role in mimicry and population regulation.

Sequencing of the genome of the butterfly Heliconius melpomene shows that closely related Heliconius species exchange protective colour-pattern genes promiscuously.

/pdf/butterfly-genome-reveals-promiscuous-exchange-of-mimicry-4zck1zwzeb.pdf

Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species

The search for a common cause of species richness gradients has spawned more than 100 explanatory hypotheses in just the past two decades. Despite recent conceptual advances, further refinement of the most plausible models has been stifled by the difficulty of compiling high-resolution databases at continental scales. We used a database of the geographic ranges of 2,869 species of birds breeding in South America (nearly a third of the world's living avian species) to explore the influence of climate, quadrat area, ecosystem diversity, and topography on species richness gradients at 10 spatial scales (quadrat area, ≈12,300 to ≈1,225,000 km2). Topography, precipitation, topography × latitude, ecosystem diversity, and cloud cover emerged as the most important predictors of regional variability of species richness in regression models incorporating 16 independent variables, although ranking of variables depended on spatial scale. Direct measures of ambient energy such as mean and maximum temperature were of ancillary importance. Species richness values for 1° × 1° latitude-longitude quadrats in the Andes (peaking at 845 species) were ≈30–250% greater than those recorded at equivalent latitudes in the central Amazon basin. These findings reflect the extraordinary abundance of species associated with humid montane regions at equatorial latitudes and the importance of orography in avian speciation. In a broader context, our data reinforce the hypothesis that terrestrial species richness from the equator to the poles is ultimately governed by a synergism between climate and coarse-scale topographic heterogeneity.

/pdf/multiscale-assessment-of-patterns-of-avian-species-richness-1k2kcfdpt6.pdf

Multiscale assessment of patterns of avian species richness.

Speciation is facilitated if ecological adaptation directly causes assortative mating1, but few natural examples are known Here we show that a shift in colour pattern mimicry was crucial in the origin of two butterfly species The sister species Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius cydno recently diverged to mimic different model taxa, and our experiments show that their mimetic coloration is also important in choosing mates Assortative mating between the sister species means that hybridization is rare in nature, and the few hybrids that are produced are non-mimetic, poorly adapted intermediates Thus, the mimetic shift has caused both pre-mating and post-mating isolation In addition, individuals from a population of H melpomene allopatric to H cydno court and mate with H cydno more readily than those from a sympatric population This suggests that assortative mating has been enhanced in sympatry

/pdf/reproductive-isolation-caused-by-colour-pattern-mimicry-hot39omtyv.pdf

Reproductive isolation caused by colour pattern mimicry

https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/candy.rowe/Rowe99.pdf

Henry Walter Bates

Papers

XXXII. Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidæ.

X. Descriptions of Fifty‐two New Species of Phasmidæfrom the Collection of Mr. W. Wilson Saunders, with Remarks on the Family.