We present a new technique called “t-SNE” that visualizes high-dimensional data by giving each datapoint a location in a two or three-dimensional map. The technique is a variation of Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (Hinton and Roweis, 2002) that is much easier to optimize, and produces significantly better visualizations by reducing the tendency to crowd points together in the center of the map. t-SNE is better than existing techniques at creating a single map that reveals structure at many different scales. This is particularly important for high-dimensional data that lie on several different, but related, low-dimensional manifolds, such as images of objects from multiple classes seen from multiple viewpoints. For visualizing the structure of very large datasets, we show how t-SNE can use random walks on neighborhood graphs to allow the implicit structure of all of the data to influence the way in which a subset of the data is displayed. We illustrate the performance of t-SNE on a wide variety of datasets and compare it with many other non-parametric visualization techniques, including Sammon mapping, Isomap, and Locally Linear Embedding. The visualizations produced by t-SNE are significantly better than those produced by the other techniques on almost all of the datasets.

/pdf/visualizing-data-using-t-sne-2w1n304iq0.pdf

Visualizing Data using t-SNE

The analysis of censored failure times is considered. It is assumed that on each individual arc available values of one or more explanatory variables. The hazard function (age-specific failure rate) is taken to be a function of the explanatory variables and unknown regression coefficients multiplied by an arbitrary and unknown function of time. A conditional likelihood is obtained, leading to inferences about the unknown regression coefficients. Some generalizations are outlined.

https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x

Regression Models and Life-Tables

Generalized Additive Models.

An essential textbook for any student or researcher in biology needing to design experiments, sample programs or analyse the resulting data The text begins with a revision of estimation and hypothesis testing methods, covering both classical and Bayesian philosophies, before advancing to the analysis of linear and generalized linear models Topics covered include linear and logistic regression, simple and complex ANOVA models (for factorial, nested, block, split-plot and repeated measures and covariance designs), and log-linear models Multivariate techniques, including classification and ordination, are then introduced Special emphasis is placed on checking assumptions, exploratory data analysis and presentation of results The main analyses are illustrated with many examples from published papers and there is an extensive reference list to both the statistical and biological literature The book is supported by a website that provides all data sets, questions for each chapter and links to software

/pdf/experimental-design-and-data-analysis-for-biologists-8ybva8d53x.pdf

Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists

Wireless Communications

A graphical method of representing multivariate data consists of drawing a cartoon of a face determined by 18 parameters. A sample of vector observations of dimension d ≤ 18 is converted to faces by assigning components of the vector to facial parameters. We report an experiment which estimates that the effect of a random permutation in the assignment of parameters may affect the error rate in a classification task using these faces by a factor of about 25 percent.

Effect on Classification Error of Random Permutations of Features in Representing Multivariate Data by Faces

Let {Xn} (n = 1, 2 , …) be a stochastic process. The random variables comprising it or the process itself will be said to be interchangeable if, for any choice of distinct positive integers i 1, i 2, H 3 … , ik, the joint distribution of depends merely on k and is independent of the integers i 1, i 2, … , i k. It was shown by De Finetti (3) that the probability measure for any interchangeable process is a mixture of probability measures of processes each consisting of independent and identically distributed random variables.

Central Limit Theorems for Interchangeable Processes

/pdf/gradient-methods-of-maximization-1trifktly8.pdf

Gradient methods of maximization.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/j.orthres.2004.05.004

Growth factor induced fibroblast differentiation from human bone marrow stromal cells in vitro

A nonparametric estimate $\beta^\ast$ is presented for the slope of a regression line $Y = \beta_0X + V$ subject to the truncation $Y \leq y_0$. This model is relevant to a cosmological controversy which concerns Hubble's Law in Astronomy. The estimate $\beta^\ast$ corresponds to the zero-crossing of a random function $S_n(\beta)$, which for each $\beta$ is a Mann-Whitney type of statistic designed to measure heterogeneity among the calculated residuals $Y - \beta X$. The asymptotic distribution of $\beta^\ast$ is derived making extensive use of $U$-statistics to show that $S_n(\beta_0)$ is asymptotically normal and then showing that $S_n(\beta)$ behaves like $S_n(\beta_0)$ plus a deterministic term which is locally linear. Results on asymptotic efficiency are compared with finite sample size results by simulation.

/pdf/nonparametric-estimation-of-the-slope-of-a-truncated-26vyoaeody.pdf

Herman Chernoff

Papers

Effect on Classification Error of Random Permutations of Features in Representing Multivariate Data by Faces

Central Limit Theorems for Interchangeable Processes

Gradient methods of maximization.

Growth factor induced fibroblast differentiation from human bone marrow stromal cells in vitro

Nonparametric Estimation of the Slope of a Truncated Regression