Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) are endemic to Borneo and primarily reside in peat swamp forest, mangrove, and riparian forest. Some smaller populations have also been found in upstream dipterocarp forest, as well as in rubber plantations, 300 km from coastal areas (Soendjoto 2003). Swamp forest along riverbank and riparian mangrove in the coast are also potential habitats for proboscis monkeys. The proboscis monkey population is very dependent on the quality of the wetland ecosystem, especially mangrove forest and riparian forest. This species’ focus on quality habitat makes it relatively intolerant to habitat disturbance (Bennett and Gombek 1993; Yeager 1992). McNeely et al. (1990) reported that there are 29,500 km2 of proboscis monkey habitat. Since 1990, 49% of this habitat has been lost, and only 4.1% of this habitat occurs within designated conservation areas. Undoubtedly, as village settlements and agricultural areas along the river’s edge tend to increase, the proboscis monkey habitat will decline as will its population. The increasing frequency of river traffic, forest concession activity, forest fire, illegal logging, and conversion of swamp forest to plantation estate and agricultural land, or fishpond development at mangrove forest, all represent primary causes of proboscis monkey habitat destruction.

Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus): Bio-ecology and Conservation

The objective of this study was to identify the availability, possible applications, and economic potential of proteins that are present in different parts of the rubber tree. Proteins from non-food sources can be used in e.g. animal feed or biochemicals production with no or little competition with food production, rendering them important biobased feedstock. Rubber tree is primarily grown for its latex that is used in rubber production. Indonesia has the largest rubber plantation area that is mostly owned and run by smallholder farmers. Using non-latex fractions from the rubber tree may generate additional income, and increase the economics of rubber plantations in general. Several biomass streams from the rubber tree and subsequent latex processing were considered. Data were compiled from literature, a case study, and interviews with researchers, smallholder farmers, and managers at rubber processing plant and plantation. Latex waste streams, seeds, and leaves were considered to have the highest potential based on the amount of available proteins, and processes to isolate proteins from these streams were proposed. Isolation of specific functional properties from natural sources requires complex (and expensive) separation processes and therefore only economically feasible when specific use of the protein(s) for high value applications can be identified. Purification of many interesting proteins from latex fractions has already been described. Processing of seeds and leaves may also yield useful proteins for food, other purposes, and also still unknown high value applications. A biorefinery concept can be applied to obtain multiple products from the seeds and leaves, and protein extraction can be performed with available knowledge and technology. Small scale processing can be more beneficial for the farmers, especially if the products are used locally for feed.

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Valorisation of Proteins from Rubber Tree


 Background: Lake Diatas is one of the important lake which is influenced by agricultural activities around the lake, and chlorpyrifos is widely used as a pesticide in this area. This study aimed to analyze the damage of the gill tissue of Oreochromis niloticus L. and Cyprinus carpio L. as two freshwater fish, which are mostly caught to be consumed by the residents in Lake Diatas, Indonesia, that were exposed to chlorpyrifos. Methods: Acclimatization was performed for 14 days and continued with toxicity test for 30 days. Chlorpyrifos exposure was tested at various concentrations. Fish gill tissue was observed microscopically in 10, 20, and 30 days of exposure, and damages were scored based on the level of gill tissue damage. Results: It was revealed that O. niloticus L. experienced edema, proximal basal hyperplasia, fusion, hyperplasia in all secondary lamellae, and necrosis at the higher exposure concentration. While C. carpio L. experienced fusion, hyperplasia, clubbing, necrosis, and obvious degradation of gill tissue of fish after 30 days of exposure to chlorpyrifos. There was a significant difference in the damage of fish gill tissue between each variation treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, the higher the concentration of chlorpyrifos and the longer the exposure time, the higher the level of damage in gill tissue.

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Impact of chlorpyrifos toxicity on gill damage of two species of freshwater fish in Lake Diatas

Diet of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) inhabiting rubber forests was poorly known. The research objectives were to identify plants or other organisms which functions as food sources, estimate the amount of food a day, and determine the content of food nutrition. Identification of food sources and estimation of the amount of food were conducted in the field, but the nutrition content was analyzed in the laboratory. Eighteen plant species belonging to at least ten families were found as food sources. The monkey was likely to be folivore. Based on IARF (individual activity records of feeding) method, most of food was consisted of leaves (80.9%) and others were flowers (11.3%), fruits (6.77%), and barks (0.95%). The monkey also fed grasshoppers and termites, although few occasions were found. However, the number of food plant species and the percentage of food composition could change, because on some locations, out of the research location, we found and also people reported other plant species consumed by the proboscis monkey. By sampling the feeding rate on leaves of three species, the amount of food ranged 919.96-1537.59 g wet weight or 168.57-515.94 g dry weight. In addition, those sampled leaves contained nutrition and essential minerals that were required by this colobine monkey. © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS Surakarta

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Diet and its composition of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) in rubber forest of Tabalong District, South Kalimantan

Proboscis Monkey Conservation

Diet of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) inhabiting rubber forests was poorly known. The research objectives were to identify plants or other organisms which functions as food sources, estimate the amount of food a day, and determine the content of food nutrition. Identification of food sources and estimation of the amount of food were conducted in the field, but the nutrition content was analyzed in the laboratory. Eighteen plant species belonging to at least ten families were found as food sources. The monkey was likely to be folivore. Based on IARF (individual activity records of feeding) method, most of food was consisted of leaves (80.9%) and others were flowers (11.3%), fruits (6.77%), and barks (0.95%). The monkey also fed grasshoppers and termites, although few occasions were found. However, the number of food plant species and the percentage of food composition could change, because on some locations, out of the research location, we found and also people reported other plant species consumed by the proboscis monkey. By sampling the feeding rate on leaves of three species, the amount of food ranged 919.96-1537.59 g wet weight or 168.57-515.94 g dry weight. In addition, those sampled leaves contained nutrition and essential minerals that were required by this colobine monkey.

Jenis dan komposisi pakan bekantan (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) di Hutan Karet Kabupaten Tabalong, Kalimantan Selatan

The proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) frequently visits certain lowland (baruh) and never visits other, although both lowlands are inundated during rainy season or even have no water during the dry season. Data on seedling, sapling, pole, and tree of two former lowlands and of two latter ones were collected. Important value indexes were compared based on Renkonen similarity index. Treatments on vegetation were qualitatively recorded. The former lowlands had more diverse vegetation and higher security level than the latter had. Food sources, such as Hevea brasiliensis, Syzygium stapfiana, Vitex pubescens, Elaeocarpus stipularis, and Artocarpus teysmanii were available and more abundant on the former lowlands which were poorly cared. However, such condition could change anytime, because alllowlands include in the cultivated area.Â© 2005 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKeywords: lowland-edge vegetation, Nasalis larvatus, rubber forest, Tabalong.

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Lowland-Edge Vegetation on Habitat of Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Rubber Forest of Tabalong District, South Kalimantan

The proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) frequently visits certain lowland (baruh) and never visits other, although both lowlands are inundated during rainy season or even have no water during the dry season. Data on seedling, sapling, pole, and tree of two former lowlands and of two latter ones were collected. Important value indexes were compared based on Renkonen similarity index. Treatments on vegetation were qualitatively recorded. The former lowlands had more diverse vegetation and higher security level than the latter had. Food sources, such as Hevea brasiliensis, Syzygium stapfiana, Vitex pubescens, Elaeocarpus stipularis, and Artocarpus teysmanii were available and more abundant on the former lowlands which were poorly cared. However, such condition could change anytime, because all lowlands include in the cultivated area.

Vegetasi tepi-baruh pada habitat bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) di Hutan Karet Kabupaten Tabalong, Kalimantan Selatan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari makroanatomi organ reproduksi jantan musang luak(Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). Pengamatan morfometri meliputi pengukuran panjang, diameter,dan bobot dari organ reproduksi. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkanpanjang, diameter, dan bobot testis tanpa scrotum berturut-turut adalah 2,14 cm, 1,55 cm, dan 2,85 cm.Epididimis terdiri atas kaput, korpus, dan kauda epididimis. Kelenjar prostat mempunyai panjang 3,14cm, lebar 1,82 cm dan berat 4,21 g. Penis musang luak bertipe muskulo-kavernosus dengan panjang 7,77cm dan mempunyai penis spine. Secara umum, gambaran makroanatomi organ reproduksi musang luakjantan mirip dengan hewan karnivora lain seperti anjing dan kucing.

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Tinjauan Makroskopik Organ Reproduksi Jantan Musang Luak (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)

The daily activities of the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) living in rubber forests are poorly understood. The objectives of the research were to study its daily movement pattern and to determine the time proportion of daily behaviors. The movement of the monkeys was followed by researchers on foot. The behaviors were observed by scan technique in 15 second intervals for 30 minutes. In rubber forests, lowlands (baruh) were places where the monkey began and ended daily movements and also conducted most activities. Most inter-water movements of the monkey (about 70%) were conducted twice a day. Statistically, movement distance and rainfall were negatively and significantly correlated (ґs = -0.58; p < 0.05; n = 14). The monkey spent more time for feeding in the morning and afternoon, and resting at midday. Most behaviors of feeding, resting, playing, and grooming (84.01%) were conducted at a tree height of less than 15 m. The monkeys moved farther during the dry season to get water and did activities in accordance with height strata to get various foods, avoided disturbances, and got comfortable and safe places.

Heru Setijanto

Papers

Jenis dan komposisi pakan bekantan (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) di Hutan Karet Kabupaten Tabalong, Kalimantan Selatan

Lowland-Edge Vegetation on Habitat of Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Rubber Forest of Tabalong District, South Kalimantan

Vegetasi tepi-baruh pada habitat bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) di Hutan Karet Kabupaten Tabalong, Kalimantan Selatan

Tinjauan Makroskopik Organ Reproduksi Jantan Musang Luak (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)

Aktivitas harian bekantan (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) di hutan karet Kabupaten Tabalong, Kalimantan Selatan