THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Reduction in fossil fuel dependency has been an issue worldwide for several years. One of the solutions in the transportation sector to reduce the GHG, is the replacement of combustion engine vehicles with electric and hybrid vehicles. Furthermore, to make EVs competitive with ICEV, it is imperative to reduce the relatively high manufacturing cost, increase the range of those vehicles and find solutions to drastically reduce recharge times to a comparable ICEV refuelling time. Battery, Fuel Cell, and Super Capacitor are energy storage solutions implemented in electric vehicles, which possess different advantages and disadvantages. The combination of these Energy Storage Systems, rather than the sole use of one solution, has the potential to meet the required performance results, with regards to high energy density, lower energy consumption and a longer driving range of EVs, to replace ICEVs permanently. However, challenges such as energy management, size and cost of the energy storage systems, are essential concerns and need to be focused on for the production and adoption of EVs. Furthermore, limitations and requirements for changing power train configurations of conventional vehicles stimulate a market for biofuels and synthetic fuels, which also show potential to reduce greenhouse gas emission. This paper provides a review of energy systems for light-duty vehicles and highlights the main characteristics of electric and hybrid vehicles based on power train structure, environmental perspective, and cost. The review provides an overview of different solutions possible, which have the potential to significantly reduce GHG emissions in the transportation sector.

Review of energy storage systems for vehicles based on technology, environmental impacts, and costs

Internal and external circumstances affect a vehicles’ fuel consumption. Various studies reviewed internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) energy consumption. While Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are expected to replace ICEVs, more research is necessary to understand their energy performance. To fill this research gap, a microscopic traffic model and an energy prediction model were combined to estimate the effects of driving styles, weather, traffic and infrastructure on the energy consumption of BEVs. By using a VISSIM model, various scenarios were tested. This resulted in a qualitative insight into the energy consumption and travel time, which was validated by performing 30 driving tests and by using dynamometer data. The results indicate that built environment variables have a large effect on the energy consumption of BEVs. An increasing traffic intensity has been found to not always increase the energy consumption. Moreover, the energy consumption can be decreased by choosing a more energy-efficient route.

Influence of driving style, infrastructure, weather and traffic on electric vehicle performance

The effect of the number of rotor slits on the electromagnetic torque production, torque ripple, rotor eddy-current loss and the power factor are numerically studied in case of a three phase, two-pole, 200 Hz, solid-rotor induction motor. The number of the stator slots was 48 and the number of the rotor slits was varied from 28 to 36. The depth of the rotor slits was kept at a constant value in all the calculations. The harmonic content of the air-gap flux density as well as the electromagnetic torque at each rotor slit number were studied in detail. It was also found that when the number of the rotor slits was an odd number, an unsymmetrical magnetic pull affects between the stator and the rotor.

The effect of the number of rotor slits on the performance characteristics of medium-speed solid rotor induction motor

The braking system in a vehicle has the main role of slowing down the speed or stopping the moving vehicle. Compared to mechanical braking, which utilizes friction, non-contact braking has several advantages, including longer lifetime and less maintenance. One form of non-contact braking systems is the eddy current brake (ECB), an electric braking system that employs eddy currents to operate. This research focuses on the impact of magnetic field sources used in the ECB. In addition, the number of magnetic field sources is also observed. In order to achieve an ECB design that can be easily applied in any types of vehicles, including motorcycles and compact cars, a compact ECB design with an excellent braking torque is required. In this study, a compact design of the ECB is obtained by distributing the required braking torque from the disc brake into multiple electromagnets. Finite element method-based modeling has been performed to study ECB parameters, including the number of coil winding, the number of electromagnets, and the electric current. The results of this study show that the developed compact ECB could produce 93.66% of the torque required for braking.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/13/4659/pdf

Application of Multiple Unipolar Axial Eddy Current Brakes for Lightweight Electric Vehicle Braking

Eddy Current Brake (ECB) is a type of electric braking that uses eddy current to produce braking forces. This article delivers a solid review of the design of Axial ECB, which is very promising for an alternative braking system. Several types of axial ECB are classified and named as a single disk, double disk, and unipolar model. The classification of axial ECB is based on the design of coil placement, which induces axial area of the disk as well as the electromagnet source. A potential issue for the development of axial ECB is also discussed to explore the braking performance improvement of the axial type ECB. It was highlighted that research on how to change the direction of magnetic field vectors by changing the shape of the pole-shoe on the electromagnetic ECB in axial type has not been widely studied. Therefore, this issue would be interesting for future investigation.

https://ijpeds.iaescore.com/index.php/IJPEDS/article/download/20372/12954

Mini review on the design of axial type eddy current braking technology

Vehicles are the most important thing to use by human and to make it safe to use, all vehicle need a safe and reliable braking system, the use of frictional brake can raise the probability of braking failure because of high pressure and temperature operation, to make braking safer, there is a new, alternative braking system called Eddy-Current Brake (ECB) that uses magnet in their braking process. This paper aims to know the influence between the shapes of conductor’s face on braking torque using finite element method, using aluminum with mid-iron in one construction to improve the braking torque produced by conductor. Validation was done before starting FEM calculation to achieve accurate FEM settings, the modeling uses ANSYS Electronics Desktop. The shapes used on conductor’s face are sawtooth, half-circle, and square. The highest braking torque performance on these variables are 15.39213, 16.40432, and 14.25 Nm respectively at their critical speed with a magnetic flux of 0.8 – 2 Tesla at all variables.

The Influence of Aluminum Conductor Shape Modification on Eddy-Current Brake Using Finite Element Method

This paper presents the optimum design for outer rotor brushless dc motor. The purpose of the research was to obtain optimum design for the DC motor with low level cogging torque. First, the simulation using was carried out using Ansys software to investigate the limit of number of rotor and stator of 90 mm diameter motors. Effect of the slots number on cogging torque was studied by variations in slots number. It was found that 26 slots produced minimum cogging torque. Research was then continued by variating poles number. The results showed that cogging torque did not change with the changes in poles numbers. Slot aperture opening significantly influenced cogging torque generation. Wider slot opening produced higher cogging torque.

Design of optimal outer rotor brushless DC motor for minimum cogging torque

Electric vehicle becomes a more attractive alternative for transportation. An additional energy source is required due to the limited travel range for pure electric vehicle which can be reached by battery only. Energy management strategy in electric vehicle, especially in a vehicle with more than one power source, is very crucial in saving energy. Battery state of charge (SOC) operation range influences the vehicle efficiency. This paper presents simulation for energy management in a fuel cell/battery/ultracapacitor electric vehicle. Electric motor with regenerative braking is used for the vehicle traction. A 7 kW polymer electrolyte fuel cell system is used as main power sources during cruising. Lithium polymer battery module (40 Ah/cell) plays as energy storage which able to provide the energy required for the vehicle traction as well as to store energy during regenerative braking. Ultracapacitor module (350F/cell) is provided as booster power during fast acceleration and high power demand. A city car design was chosen as the vehicle type model. Simulation was conducted on LabView®platform based on the mathematical model of each vehicle components, using Surakarta driving cycle. The simulation has been done to analyze the vehicle efficiency, hydrogen utilization, oxidant utilization, and parasitic power during vehicle traveling.

Model-Based Simulation for Hybrid Fuel Cell/Battery/Ultracapacitor Electric Vehicle

The braking torque mathematical modelling in electromagnetic eddy current brake (ECB) often ignores the skin effect that occurrs during operation. However this phenomenon can not be simply neglected. Therefore, this paper presents a mathematical model of braking torque for a unipolar axial type of ECB system with a non-magnetic disk, which considers the skin effects. The use of mathematical models that consider the existence of skin effects is significant in approaching the braking torque according to the actual condition. The utilization of generic calculations to the model of the ECB braking torque leads to invalid results. Hence, in this paper, the correction factor was added to improve the braking torque calculation as a comparator to the proposed equation. However, the modification and addition of the correction factor were only valid to estimate the low-speed regimes of torque, but very distant for the high-speed condition. From the comparison of calculated values using analytical and 3D modelling, the amount of braking torque at a low speed was found to have an average error for the equation using a correction factor of 1.78 Nm, while after repairing, a value of 1.16 Nm was obtained. For the overall speed, an average error of 14.63 Nm was achieved, while the proposed equation had a small difference of 1.79 Nm. The torque difference from the calculation results of the proposed model with the measurement value in the experiment was 4.9%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed equation provided a better braking torque value approach for both low and high speeds.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/7/1561/pdf

Hery Tri Waloyo

Papers

Mini review on the design of axial type eddy current braking technology

The Influence of Aluminum Conductor Shape Modification on Eddy-Current Brake Using Finite Element Method

Design of optimal outer rotor brushless DC motor for minimum cogging torque

Model-Based Simulation for Hybrid Fuel Cell/Battery/Ultracapacitor Electric Vehicle

A Novel Approach on the Unipolar Axial Type Eddy Current Brake Model Considering the Skin Effect