The cosmopolitan red algal genus Pyropia sensu lato is the most speciose of the bladed Bangiales genera. In a major revision of the Bangiales, Pyropia was resurrected from Porphyra, although there was evidence at the time that species of Pyropia could be separated into several genera. Subsequent global phylogenetic analyses continued to resolve species assigned to Pyropia into several major clades with strong support, and the latest biogeographic analyses indicated that species distribution was also a pointer to the underlying phylogeny of Pyropia sensu lato. Therefore, in the present study, we have redefined the genus Pyropia, resurrected Porphyrella, and proposed four new genera: Calidia, Neoporphyra, Neopyropia, and Uedaea. Based on a molecular phylogenetic study of the bladed Bangiales of China, a species which did not match any known taxa was resolved in the new genus Calidia. The species, Calidia pseudolobata sp. nov., is described based on both morphological and molecular data. Molecular sequence data for rbcL, 18S, and COI-5P were amplified for 15 samples in the present study. All the obtained rbcL sequences were identical to each other except for one (LYCN117) with one base pair difference. Two haplotypes of 18S (V9 region) were observed with one base pair difference (C/T30 ). All the obtained COI-5P sequences were identical. Morphological comparisons were conducted not only with species in Calidia, but also with generically uncertain species currently assigned to Porphyra.

Redefining Pyropia (Bangiales, Rhodophyta): Four New Genera, Resurrection of Porphyrella and Description of Calidia pseudolobata sp. nov. From China

The growing interest in laver as a food product and as a source of substances beneficial to health has led to global consumer demand for laver produced in a limited area of northeastern Asia. Here we review research into the benefits of laver consumption and discuss future perspectives on the improvement of laver product quality. Variation in nutritional/functional values among product types (raw and processed (dried, roasted, or seasoned) laver) makes product-specific nutritional analysis a prerequisite for accurate prediction of health benefits. The effects of drying, roasting, and seasoning on the contents of both beneficial and harmful substances highlight the importance of managing laver processing conditions. Most research into health benefits has focused on substances present at high concentrations in laver (porphyran, Vitamin B12, taurine), with assessment of the expected effects of laver consumption. Mitigation of chemical/microbiological risks and the adoption of novel technologies to exploit under-reported biochemical characteristics of lavers are suggested as key strategies for the further improvement of laver product quality. Comprehensive analysis of the literature regarding laver as a food product and as a source of biomedical compounds highlights the possibilities and challenges for application of laver products.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/1/14/pdf

Health Functionality and Quality Control of Laver (Porphyra, Pyropia): Current Issues and Future Perspectives as an Edible Seaweed.

DNA barcoding is currently an effective and widely used tool that enables rapid and accurate identification of plant species. The Orchidaceae is the second largest family of flowering plants, with more than 700 genera and 20,000 species distributed nearly worldwide. The accurate identification of Orchids not only contributes to the safe utilization of these plants, but also it is essential to the protection and utilization of germplasm resources. In this study, the DNA barcoding of 4 chloroplast genes (matK, rbcL, ndhF and ycf1) were used to provide theoretical basis for species identification, germplasm conservation and innovative utilization of orchids. By comparing the nucleotide replacement saturation of the single or combined sequences among the 4 genes, we found that these sequences reached a saturation state and were suitable for phylogenetic relationship analysis. The phylogenetic analyses based on genetic distance indicated that ndhF and ycf1 sequences were competent to identification at genus and species level of orchids in a single gene. In the combined sequences, matK + ycf1 and ndhF + ycf1 were qualified for identification at the genera and species levels, suggesting the potential roles of ndhF, ycf1, matK + ycf1 and ndhF + ycf1 as candidate barcodes for orchids. Based on the SNP sites, candidate genes were used to obtain the specific barcode of orchid plant species and generated the corresponding DNA QR code ID card that could be immediately recognized by electronic devices. This study provides innovative research methods for efficient species identification of orchids. The standardized and accurate barcode information of Orchids is provided for researchers. It lays the foundation for the conservation, evaluation, innovative utilization and protection of Orchidaceae germplasm resources.

/pdf/the-specific-dna-barcodes-based-on-chloroplast-genes-for-1s7rp19hun.pdf

The specific DNA barcodes based on chloroplast genes for species identification of Orchidaceae plants.

Extensive cryptic diversity in the widely distributed Polysiphonia scopulorum (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta): Molecular species delimitation and morphometric analyses.

Red algal genus Pyropia that includes several commercially important species is distributed in wide regions of the world from cold temperate to tropical marine environments. Despite their practical utility, species of this genus are difficult to identify using solely morphological features because they lack reliable diagnostic characteristics. DNA barcoding using mitochondrial COI-5P marker is now well established for red algae. We explored the species diversity of the genus Pyropia in Korea based on the molecular analyses and morphological observations, and confirmed seven species including two new ones, Py. kuniedae, Py. retorta, Py. seriata, Py. tenera, Py. yezoensis, Pyropia submarina sp. nov., and Pyropia vittata sp. nov. In the DNA barcode analysis, Korean Pyropia species were clearly distinguished from other Pyropia species by 2.6 to 17.1% sequence divergences. We also uncovered cryptic species diversity in areas that are remote or not easily approachable such as Ulleung Island in the middle of east sea far from mainland or underwater habitat deeper than 10 m of Udo, Jeju. This study is verifying the probability of more biodiversity from pristine environments and providing the information that DNA barcoding is an efficient way to identify species of Pyropia, the bladed genus of the order Bangiales in Korea.

DNA barcoding reveals cryptic diversity of economic red algae, Pyropia (Bangiales, Rhodophyta): description of novel species from Korea

A molecular phylogeny of the bladed Bangiales (Rhodophyta) in China provides insights into biodiversity and biogeography of the genus Pyropia

Conchocelis cultivation is a crucial step in the industrial growth of Pyropia (laver). However, our knowledge of the seawater microbiology community in Pyropia seedling pools is limited. This study investigated the temporal dynamics in seedling pool microbiota before and after outbreaks of yellow spot disease in Pyropia yezoensis conchocelis. A total of 18 water samples were collected to assess seedling pool health status, followed by the sequencing of microbiota 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Analysis of 16,760,224 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the core microbe group comprised 207 genera. The microbial diversity of samples gradually increased from May to July. The bacterial diversity of seawater samples from diseased P. yezoensis seedling pools was significantly higher than samples from healthy seedling pools. It is noteworthy that each pool group had a distinctive microbial community composition. The relative abundance of two dominant bacteria genera, Sediminicola and Roseivirga, increased over time in healthy seedling pools, peaking in August, while Vibrio remained at constantly low levels. However, the abundance of Vibrio and Polaribacter increased sharply in diseased P. yezoensis seedling pools and decreased after fresh seawater exchange. This indicates that these bacteria are probably associated with the filament disease. Many disease-associated bacteria are negatively related to the HCO3
 − concentration in seawater and positively related to pH. Changes in bacteria and environmental factors reflect the characteristics of microbial community succession in seedling pools and therefore have potential to be used as biomarkers and environmental signals for Pyropia disease monitoring.

Bacterial community temporal dynamics and disease-related variations in the seawater of Pyropia (laver) seedling pools

The invention relates to an indoor conchospore seedling picking method for porphyra haitanensis shell conchocelis. The seedling picking method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing 7 days before conchospore seedling picking; (2) preparing 1 day before conchospore seedling picking; (3) carrying out conchospore seedling picking. The method accords with the biological property of porphyra haitanensis, can meet the productive conchospore seedling picking requirement of porphyra haitanensis, is a technical method for large-scale cultivation and centralized seedling providing of porphyra haitanensis, overcomes the defects that plentiful shells are irritated while being conveyed to a sea area and operation in a far sea area is failed, and has the advantages that conchospore seedling picking and large-scale seedling providing of porphyra haitanensis can fulfilled indoors, thereby providing convenience for cultivation and centralized seedling providing of porphyra haitanensis.

Indoor conchospore seedling picking method for porphyra haitanensis shell conchocelis

The invention relates to a method for applying and popularizing porphyra yezoensis fine seeds. The method includes the steps of (1) pure fine seed protonema germplasm, wherein shell protonema cultivation is conducted in a nursery pond isolated from a seed source, and conchospore seedling picking is conducted when the protonema is mature, (2) pure fine seed seedling net sea area cultivation, wherein breeding trait recovery is conducted, (3) picking mature fine seed F1 generation algal bodies which serve as the seed algae, (4) cleaning the seed algae with clean sea water, conducting dehydration on the seed algae, drying the seed algae in shade for later use or storing the seed algae at -20 DEG C for later use, wherein the obtained seed algae can be used for fine seed productive carpospores collection, and seedling picking and seedling cultivation can be conducted. The method for applying and popularizing the porphyra yezoensis fine seeds solves the production problems that when the fine seed free protonema is inoculated to shell seedling, later-period maturity promotion measures are not easy to control, conchospore seedling picking efficiency is low, the fine seeds are not easy to cultivate and popularize, and large-scale fine seed seedling and seed supply are achieved. Through the technology, fine seed application has more operability and higher popularization, and the mass production progress of the porphyra yezoensis fine seed is promoted.

Method for applying and popularizing porphyra yezoensis fine seeds

The invention relates to a stereoscopic culturing system and method of porphyra yezoensis shell protonema. The stereoscopic culturing system comprises a plurality of culturing tanks which are distributed stereoscopically, a water storage tank is arranged under the culturing tanks and leads water into the culturing tanks through a water circulation system, and the culturing tanks are each further provided with an artificial light source used for culturing shell protonema. The culturing method includes the steps that light is regulated, wherein 400-500 nm of blue light and 600-700 nm of red light are the main, and light sources at other spectral lines are also taken into account; the intensity ratio of the red light to the blue right is regulated between 4:1 and 12:1; light intensity is controlled between 500 Lux and 5000 Lux; the daily illumination time of the artificial light sources is regulated between 8 hours and 18 hours. The stereoscopic culturing system and method of porphyra yezoensis shell protonema can improve the reliability of seedling culturing production, shorten the culturing period of shell protonema, flexibly arrange the harvesting time of conchospore, and largely reduce the production cost.

Hu Chuanming

Papers

A molecular phylogeny of the bladed Bangiales (Rhodophyta) in China provides insights into biodiversity and biogeography of the genus Pyropia

Bacterial community temporal dynamics and disease-related variations in the seawater of Pyropia (laver) seedling pools

Indoor conchospore seedling picking method for porphyra haitanensis shell conchocelis

Method for applying and popularizing porphyra yezoensis fine seeds

Stereoscopic culturing system and method of porphyra yezoensis shell protonema