The details of a precise, accurate, and sensitive spectrophotometric method for measuring catalase activity are presented here. The assay was established for biological samples and depends on the rapid formation of a stable and colored carbonato-cobaltate (III) complex. Samples exhibiting catalase activity are incubated with hydrogen peroxide solution for 2 min prior to rapid mixing of the incubation enzymatic reaction mixture with cobalt-bicarbonate reagent, which assesses non-reacting hydrogen peroxide. Catalase activity is always directly proportional to the rate of dissociation of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide acts to oxidize cobalt (II) to cobalt (III) in the presence of bicarbonate ions; this process ends with the production of a carbonato-cobaltate (III) complex ([Co (CO3)3]Co). The formed end product has two maximum absorbance peaks: 440 nm and 640 nm. The 440-nm peak has been utilized for assessing catalase activity. The catalase activity results of the current method for erythrocyte lysate homogenates were computationally identical to those of the dichromate method (r = 0.9950). The coefficient of variation was calculated to determine the imprecision of the current assay. The within-run and between-run results were 2.96 and 3.83%, respectively. This method is appropriate for analyzing bacteria, red blood cells and liver and kidney tissue homogenates.

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Simple spectrophotometric assay for measuring catalase activity in biological tissues.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a noninvasive ultrasound-triggered therapeutic strategy for site-specific treatment of tumors with great depth penetration. The design of nano-sonosensitizers suitable for SDT treatment of bladder cancer (BCa) post-intravesical instillation has not yet been reported. Herein, a transmucosal oxygen-self-production SDT nanoplatform is developed to achieve highly efficient SDT against BCa. In this system, fluorinated chitosan (FCS) is synthesized as a highly effective nontoxic transmucosal delivery carrier to assemble with meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine-conjugated catalase (CAT-TCPP). The formed CAT-TCPP/FCS nanoparticles after intravesical instillation into the bladder cavity exhibit excellent transmucosal and intratumoral penetration capacities and could efficiently relieve hypoxia in tumor tissues by the catalase-catalyzed O2 generation from tumor endogenous H2O2 to further improve the therapeutic efficacy of SDT to ablate orthotopic bladder tumors under ultrasound. Our work presents a nano-sonosensitizer formulation with FCS to enhance transmucosal delivery and intratumoral diffusion and CAT to improve tumor oxygenation, promising for instillation-based SDT to treat bladder tumors without the concern of systemic toxicity.

Fluorinated Chitosan To Enhance Transmucosal Delivery of Sonosensitizer-Conjugated Catalase for Sonodynamic Bladder Cancer Treatment Post-intravesical Instillation.

With the appearance of new disorders along with inability of some conventional therapies for the treatment of diseases without any side effects, the discovery of safe and efficient therapeutic agents is of utmost importance in the medical area. In this context, medicinal plants as promising therapeutic candidates can provide a reliable and efficient profile. Since free radicals are at the center of various disorder pathways, reducing their production or complete removal of these chemical species could be advantageous for prevention and treatment of many diseases. In this experiment, free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of Veronica persica Poir., a known medicinal plant, were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo assays. Chemical characterization results showed a high phenolic content in the V. persica methanol extract. In addition, in vitro assays including DPPH radical-scavenging assay, nitric oxide-scavenging activity assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging test and bleomycin-dependent DNA damage test revealed significant antioxidant power and radical scavenging capacity of this plant. In accordance, in vivo experiments showed inhibitory effects of the methanol extract on lipid peroxidation, a main cause of cell damage. Our findings revealed the promising potential of this plant in reducing free radicals through different pathways. Moreover, our data suggested a correlation between the high phenolic content of the V. persica extract and its free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities.

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In vitro and in vivo assessment of free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of Veronica persica Poir

Apocynum venetum leaf extract reverses depressive-like behaviors in chronically stressed rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR) is associated with neuronal death, which leads to disability and cognitive decline. The pathomechanism occurs because ischemia is exacerbated during the reperfusion period. Neuronal damage susceptibility depends on the affected brain areas and the duration of ischemia. Prevention and supplementation to neurons may help them endure during IR and further benefit them in rehabilitation. We investigated the protective effect of p-coumaric acid (PC) on cerebral IR injuries in mice. We randomly divided 30 male ICR mice into 3 groups of Sham (received vehicle and not induced IR), Control-IR (received vehicle and induced IR) and PC-IR (received 100 mg/kg PC and induced IR). We orally administered vehicle or 100 mg/kg of p-coumaric acid for 2 weeks before inducing the cerebral IR injuries by using 30 min of a bilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by a 45-min reperfusion. We induced the IR condition in the Control-IR and PC-IR groups but not the Sham group, and only the PC-IR group received p-coumaric acid. After IR induction, we sacrificed all the mice and collected their brain tissues to evaluate their oxidative statuses, whole brain infarctions and vulnerable neuronal deaths. We studied the whole-brain infarction volume by 2, 3, 5-triethyltetrazoliumchloride staining of sections. We performed a histological investigation of the vulnerable neuronal population in the dorsal hippocampus by staining brain sections with 0.1% cresyl violet. The results indicated that IR caused significant increases in calcium and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, whole brain infarction volume and hippocampal neuronal death. Pretreatment with p-coumaric acid significantly reduced MDA levels, whole-brain infarction volume and hippocampal neuronal death together and increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. We conclude here that pretreating animals with p-coumaric acid can prevent IR-induced brain oxidative stress, infarction size and neuronal vulnerability to death in cerebral IR injuries.

Neuroprotective effect of p-coumaric acid in mice with cerebral ischemia reperfusion injuries.

Data supporting the spectrophotometric method for the estimation of catalase activity

Catalase is an antioxidantenzyme existing in most of the animalcells; it defends them from oxidative damage by catalyzing the rapid decay of hydrogen peroxide in two kinds of reactions. The aim of the present study was to assess the catalase activity in normal subjects and patients whom suffer from diabetes mellitus. Serum catalase activity was assessed by spectrophotometric method in 120 diabetic patients (type II) and 60 healthy subjects. Catalase activity increased in diabetic patients compared to control group. The increase in the serum catalase enzyme is belonged to the oxidative damage of human tissues by increament oxygen free radicals in the body. To correlate our results with the catalase thermodynamically behavior, the thermodynamic constants of activation AH, Ea and AS, were determined using Arrhenius plot and found to be 11.96 KJ/Mol, 22.44 KJ/male and 2.39 KJ/Mol/K, respectively.

Clinical and thermodynamicalproperties of catalase enzyme in sera of Iraqi diabetic patients

Identification and sensing of hydrogen fluoride (HF) on aluminum phosphide (Al24P24) nanocage in both gas and water phases: electronic study via density-functional theory computations

The widespread prevalence of diabetes has led to a serious health risk for humans. Hyperglycemia is a hallmark of diabetes. Assessing the relation of TCF7L2 gene polymorphism (rs7903146) on the occurrence of T2DM in the Alnajaf population, and evaluating the impact of this investigated SNP on phenotypic parameters like BMI, fasting blood sugar(F.B.S), lipid profile , Mg and Zn. A case-control study of 800 individuals (400 T2DM and 400 apparently healthy control individuals) was done. The laboratory work was carried out in the laboratory of Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences in the Faculty of Pharmacy and in the laboratory of Department of Chemistry in the Faculty of Sciences / the University of Kufa. DNA from whole blood was extracted and genotyping of TCF7L2 gene (rs7903146) polymorphism polymorphisms were carried out by RFLP –PCR. The results of this study showed that there is a significant association between the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene polymorphisms rs7903146 gene polymorphism with T2DM in the Alnajaf population. TCF7L2 gene polymorphism (rs7903146) did not show any major changes in relation to BMI, FSG, cholesterol, HDL-C, VLDL-C, or T.G, but there were significant changes in LDL, magnesium, and zinc.

Association of Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 (TCF7L2) ( rs7903146) Gene Polymorphisms with Some Trace Elements in the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Al-Najaf Governorate

Hussein Najm Abed

Papers

Data supporting the spectrophotometric method for the estimation of catalase activity

Clinical and thermodynamicalproperties of catalase enzyme in sera of Iraqi diabetic patients

Identification and sensing of hydrogen fluoride (HF) on aluminum phosphide (Al24P24) nanocage in both gas and water phases: electronic study via density-functional theory computations

Association of Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 (TCF7L2) ( rs7903146) Gene Polymorphisms with Some Trace Elements in the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Al-Najaf Governorate