Author
I. M. Ward
Other affiliations: University of Bristol, Smith & Nephew, University of Bradford
Bio: I. M. Ward is an academic researcher from University of Leeds. The author has contributed to research in topics: Polyethylene & Ultimate tensile strength. The author has an hindex of 70, co-authored 590 publications receiving 23431 citations. Previous affiliations of I. M. Ward include University of Bristol & Smith & Nephew.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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Book•
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: A concise, self-contained introduction to solid polymers, the mechanics of their behavior and molecular and structural interpretations can be found in this article, which provides extended coverage of recent developments in rubber elasticity, relaxation transitions, non-linear viscoelastic behavior, anisotropic mechanical behavior, yield behavior of polymers and other fields.
Abstract: A concise, self-contained introduction to solid polymers, the mechanics of their behavior and molecular and structural interpretations. This updated edition provides extended coverage of recent developments in rubber elasticity, relaxation transitions, non-linear viscoelastic behavior, anisotropic mechanical behavior, yield behavior of polymers, breaking phenomena, and other fields.
2,335 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the properties of linear Viscoelastic Behaviour as a function of frequency and temperature, and investigate the relationship between the frequency and the temperature.
Abstract: Preface. 1 Structure of Polymers. 2 The Deformation of an Elastic Solid. 3 Rubber-like Elasticity. 4 Principles of Linear Viscoelasticity. 5 The Measurement of Viscoelastic Behaviour. 6 Experimental Studies of Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour as a Function of Frequency and Temperature: Time-Temperature Equivalence. 7 Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour. 8 Polymer Composites: Macroscale and Microscale. 9 Relaxation Transitions: Experimental Behaviour and Molecular Interpretation. 10 Creep, Stress Relaxation and Non-linear Viscoelasticity. 11 Yielding and Instability in Polymers. 12 Breaking Phenomena. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Answers to Problems. Index.
1,086 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: This book reftects the growth of interest in this area of polymer science and attempts to give the reader an up to date view of the present position.
Abstract: Introduction Physicochemical Approaches to the Measurement of Molecular Anisotropy Structure and Morphology of Oriented Polymers Infrared Dichroism, Polarised Fluorescence and Raman Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Mechanical Anisotropy at Small Strains Anisotropic Creep Behaviour Anisotropic Yield Behavior Film Formation Liquid Crystalline Polymers Index
627 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a simple model for calculating the energy absorption by polymer composites upon ballistic impact, where three major components were identified as contributing to the energy lost by the projectile during ballistic impact.
287 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two recent approaches to the resolution of this problem and the subsequent developments in "ultrahigh modulus polymers" have produced a new range of materials for the polymer scientist.
Abstract: When a polymer is rolled or drawn by conventional processes, it is not as stiff or as strong as theory predicts. Professor Ward outlines in this article two recent approaches to the resolution of this problem and the subsequent developments in 'ultrahigh modulus polymers' which have produced a new range of materials for the polymer scientist
279 citations
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TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …
33,785 citations
TL;DR: Graphene oxide paper is reported, a free-standing carbon-based membrane material made by flow-directed assembly of individual graphene oxide sheets that outperforms many other paper-like materials in stiffness and strength.
Abstract: Free-standing paper-like or foil-like materials are an integral part of our technological society. Their uses include protective layers, chemical filters, components of electrical batteries or supercapacitors, adhesive layers, electronic or optoelectronic components, and molecular storage. Inorganic 'paper-like' materials based on nanoscale components such as exfoliated vermiculite or mica platelets have been intensively studied and commercialized as protective coatings, high-temperature binders, dielectric barriers and gas-impermeable membranes. Carbon-based flexible graphite foils composed of stacked platelets of expanded graphite have long been used in packing and gasketing applications because of their chemical resistivity against most media, superior sealability over a wide temperature range, and impermeability to fluids. The discovery of carbon nanotubes brought about bucky paper, which displays excellent mechanical and electrical properties that make it potentially suitable for fuel cell and structural composite applications. Here we report the preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper, a free-standing carbon-based membrane material made by flow-directed assembly of individual graphene oxide sheets. This new material outperforms many other paper-like materials in stiffness and strength. Its combination of macroscopic flexibility and stiffness is a result of a unique interlocking-tile arrangement of the nanoscale graphene oxide sheets.
5,117 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the progress to date in the field of mechanical reinforcement of polymers using nanotubes is presented, and the most promising processing methods for mechanical reinforcement are discussed.
3,770 citations
TL;DR: A novel poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) structure with a unique architecture produced by an electrospinning process has been developed for tissue-engineering applications, which acts to support and guide cell growth.
Abstract: The architecture of an engineered tissue substitute plays an important role in modulating tissue growth. A novel poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) structure with a unique architecture produced by an electrospinning process has been developed for tissue-engineering applications. Electrospinning is a process whereby ultra-fine fibers are formed in a high-voltage electrostatic field. The electrospun structure, composed of PLGA fibers ranging from 500 to 800 nm in diameter, features a morphologic similarity to the extracellular matrix (ECM) of natural tissue, which is characterized by a wide range of pore diameter distribution, high porosity, and effective mechanical properties. Such a structure meets the essential design criteria of an ideal engineered scaffold. The favorable cell-matrix interaction within the cellular construct supports the active biocompatibility of the structure. The electrospun nanofibrous structure is capable of supporting cell attachment and proliferation. Cells seeded on this structure tend to maintain phenotypic shape and guided growth according to nanofiber orientation. This novel biodegradable scaffold has potential applications for tissue engineering based upon its unique architecture, which acts to support and guide cell growth.
2,338 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: A concise, self-contained introduction to solid polymers, the mechanics of their behavior and molecular and structural interpretations can be found in this article, which provides extended coverage of recent developments in rubber elasticity, relaxation transitions, non-linear viscoelastic behavior, anisotropic mechanical behavior, yield behavior of polymers and other fields.
Abstract: A concise, self-contained introduction to solid polymers, the mechanics of their behavior and molecular and structural interpretations. This updated edition provides extended coverage of recent developments in rubber elasticity, relaxation transitions, non-linear viscoelastic behavior, anisotropic mechanical behavior, yield behavior of polymers, breaking phenomena, and other fields.
2,335 citations