The COVID-19 pandemic changed people's lifestyles and such changed lifestyles included the potential of increasing addictive behaviors. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of different behavioral addictions (i.e., internet addiction, smartphone addiction, gaming addiction, social media addiction, food addiction, exercise addiction, gambling addiction, and shopping addiction) both overall and separately.Four databases (PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, and ProQuest) were searched. Peer-reviewed papers published in English between December 2019 and July 2022 were reviewed and analyzed. Search terms were selected using PECO-S criteria: population (no limitation in participants' characteristics), exposure (COVID-19 pandemic), comparison (healthy populations), outcome (frequency or prevalence of behavioral addiction), and study design (observational study). A total of 94 studies with 237,657 participants from 40 different countries (mean age 25.02 years; 57.41% females). The overall prevalence of behavioral addiction irrespective of addiction type (after correcting for publication bias) was 11.1% (95% CI: 5.4 to 16.8%). The prevalence rates for each separate behavioral addiction (after correcting for publication bias) were 10.6% for internet addiction, 30.7% for smartphone addiction, 5.3% for gaming addiction, 15.1% for social media addiction, 21% for food addiction, 9.4% for sex addiction, 7% for exercise addiction, 7.2% for gambling addiction, and 7.2% for shopping addiction. In the lockdown periods, prevalence of food addiction, gaming addiction, and social media addiction was higher compared to non-lockdown periods. Smartphone and social media addiction was associated with methodological quality of studies (i.e., the higher the risk of boas, the higher the prevalence rate). Other associated factors of social media addiction were the percentage of female participants, mean age of participants, percentage of individuals using the internet in country, and developing status of country. The percentage of individuals in the population using the internet was associated with all the prevalence of behavioral addiction overall and the prevalence of sex addiction and gambling addiction. Gaming addiction prevalence was associated with data collection method (online vs. other methods) that is gaming addiction prevalence was much lower using online methods to collect the data.Behavioral addictions appeared to be potential health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare providers and government authorities should foster some campaigns that assist people in coping with stress during COVID-19 pandemics to prevent them from developing behavioral addictions during COVID-19 and subsequent pandemics.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40429-022-00435-6. 

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Estimation of Behavioral Addiction Prevalence During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Examining the Association between Cell Phone Use Addiction and Sleep Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study of Medical Sciences Students 

STUDY OBJECTIVES
Several studies have recently reported on the association between smartphone usage and subjective sleep quality. However, no systematic review or meta-analysis has yet been performed. We aimed to analyse the association between smartphone usage time and subjective sleep quality.


METHODS
We searched for articles published up to 13 January 2022 using the Embase and Medline databases. All observational studies were eligible for inclusion. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the risk of bias within studies. We used restricted cubic spline analysis to perform a dose-response analysis.


RESULTS
Seventeen studies with a total of 36,485 participants were included. The pooled odds ratio was 2.28 (confidence interval [CI]: 1.81-2.89, p<0.001) and heterogeneity was 80%. In the dose-response analysis conducted on five studies, the regression coefficient between daily smartphone usage time (h/day) and poor sleep quality was 1.042 (1.027-1.058), which confirmed a significantly positive association.


CONCLUSIONS
Smartphone overuse was closely associated with poor subjective sleep quality, sleep deprivation, and sleep latency prolongation. Further studies using a more structured method and high-quality evidence (cohort or case-control) should be conducted.


SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
Registry: PROSPERO; Identifier: CRD42022303371; URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=303371.

Dose-response analysis of smartphone usage and subjective sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

BACKGROUND: The use of smartphones is increasing in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic for various purposes, this encourages smartphone addiction. In addition, the incidence of insomnia has also increased in the pandemic era.


AIM: This study was conducted to find an association between smartphone addiction and the incidence of insomnia, especially among students of the Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University.


METHOD: This research is a descriptive-analytic study with the cross-sectional method, using two main questionnaires, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, and Insomnia Severity Index. Questionnaires were distributed using Google forms and then collected and analyzed using software SPSS version 25.


RESULT: Overall the total research respondents with the inclusion criteria in this study amounted to 364 people. The results showed that 212 respondents (58.24%) had a high level of smartphone addiction and 152 respondents (41.76%) had a low level of smartphone addiction. In addition, 187 respondents (51.37%) experienced mild insomnia, 87 respondents (23.9%) experienced moderate insomnia, 13 respondents (3.57%) experienced severe insomnia, and 77 respondents (21.15%) did not experience insomnia. Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that smartphone addiction had a significant relationship (p = 0.002) with weak and positive correlation (r = 0.162) to the incidence of insomnia.

CONCLUSION: It was found that the majority of respondents experienced high levels of smartphone addiction and mild insomnia. Another finding suggests the higher addiction to the smartphones, the more severe insomnia suffered.

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The association between smartphone addiction and insomnia incidence in students of the faculty of medicine udayana university batch of 2020 during the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic

I. Made Angga Sayoga

Papers

The association between smartphone addiction and insomnia incidence in students of the faculty of medicine udayana university batch of 2020 during the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic