Author
I. Schmidt
Bio: I. Schmidt is an academic researcher from University of Connecticut. The author has contributed to research in topics: Poison control & Cohen's kappa. The author has an hindex of 2, co-authored 2 publications receiving 1714 citations.
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TL;DR: Although SSAGA was designed to provide for broad phenotyping of alcoholism, review of its new features suggests its suitability for a variety of family studies, not just those focusing on substance abuse.
Abstract: Within- and cross-center test-retest studies were conducted to study the reliability of a new, semistructured, comprehensive, polydiagnostic psychiatric interview being used in a multisite genetic linkage study of alcoholism. Findings from both studies indicated that reliability for the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) was high for DSM-III-R substance dependence disorders, but less so for substance abuse disorders. Reliability of depression was good in both studies, but mixed for antisocial personality disorder (ASP). Findings are presented in terms of specific substance dependence and abuse diagnoses, as well as for depression and ASP. Criterion-specific reliabilities are examined by type of substance used. Although SSAGA was designed to provide for broad phenotyping of alcoholism, review of its new features suggests its suitability for a variety of family studies, not just those focusing on substance abuse.
1,714 citations
TL;DR: Because no single item was influential, weighting criteria equally, as is done in the DSM and ICD classification systems, appears to be a reasonable approach.
Abstract: Objective: Reliability of diagnostic criterion items for psychoactive substance dependence and the impact of each on the reliability of the diagnosis were analyzed. Method: As part of a reliability study for a new interview developed for the multisite Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), data were collected from both within-center and across centers. The impact of each diagnostic item on the reliability of the substance dependence diagnosis was studied by forcing each item to be reliable one at a time and recomputing the kappa statistic for the diagnosis. Results: Findings indicated that the majority of individual diagnostic criterion items were reliable; 87% and 81% were in the fair or better range of reliability for the within- and cross-center studies, respectively. Individual kappa estimates were statistically similar for the two studies. Reliability findings for two classes of substance, alcohol and cocaine, were good, while those for stimulants were less satisfactory. Conclusion...
106 citations
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TL;DR: Progress made during the first half of the Human Connectome Project project in refining the methods for data acquisition and analysis provides grounds for optimism that the HCP datasets and associated methods and software will become increasingly valuable resources for characterizing human brain connectivity and function, their relationship to behavior, and their heritability and genetic underpinnings.
4,388 citations
TL;DR: The Human Connectome Project (HCP) as discussed by the authors is a 5-year effort to characterize brain connectivity and function and their variability in healthy adults using diffusion imaging (dMRI), resting-state fMRI, task-evoked fMRI (T-fMRI), T1-and T2-weighted MRI for structural and myelin mapping, plus combined magnetoencephalography (MEG/EEG).
1,975 citations
TL;DR: The logic and rationale behind the development of the behavioral, individual difference, and tfMRI batteries are described and preliminary data on the patterns of activation associated with each of the fMRI tasks are provided, at both group and individual levels.
1,271 citations
TL;DR: In a follow-up interview with twins from an Australian twin panel first surveyed in 1980-82 (N=5889 respondents), data were analysed using logistic regression models and no significant gender difference in the genetic variance in AD was found as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Background. Genetic influences on alcoholism risk are well-documented in men, but uncertain in women. We tested for gender differences in genetic influences on, and risk-factors for, DSM-III-R alcohol dependence (AD).Method. Diagnostic follow-up interviews were conducted in 1992–3 by telephone with twins from an Australian twin panel first surveyed in 1980–82 (N=5889 respondents). Data were analysed using logistic regression models.Results. Significantly higher twin pair concordances were observed in MZ compared to DZ same-sex twin pairs in women and men, even when data were weighted to adjust for over-representation of well-educated respondents, and for selective attrition. AD risk was increased in younger birth cohorts, in Catholic males or women reporting no religious affiliation, in those reporting a history of conduct disorder or major depression and in those with high Neuroticism, Social Non-conformity, Toughmindedness, Novelty-Seeking or (in women only) Extraversion scores; and decreased in ‘Other Protestants’, weekly church attenders, and university-educated males. Controlling for these variables, however, did not remove the significant association with having an alcoholic MZ co-twin, implying that much of the genetic influence on AD risk remained unexplained. No significant gender difference in the genetic variance in AD was found (64% heritability, 95% confidence interval 32–73%).Conclusions. Genetic risk-factors play as important a role in determining AD risk in women as in men. With the exception of certain sociocultural variables such as religious affiliation, the same personality, sociodemographic and axis I correlates of alcoholism risk are observed in women and men.
820 citations
TL;DR: Many college students report behaviors and symptoms that meet the diagnostic standard for alcohol abuse or dependence, and colleges should implement new strategies for screening and early identification of high risk student drinkers.
Abstract: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college students, and to identify characteristics associated with these diagnoses. Method: More than 14,000 students at 119 4-year U.S. colleges completed a questionnaire that included items corresponding to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence. Frequencies were computed, and correlations used to identify demographic, drinking and other variables associated with these diagnoses. Results: 31% percent of students endorsed criteria for an alcohol abuse diagnosis and 6% for a dependence diagnosis in the past 12 months. More than two of every five students reported at least one symptom of abuse or dependence. Students who were heavy episodic drinkers were more likely than those who were not to have an alcohol disorder. Students who were frequent heavy episodic drinkers had 13 times greater odds for abuse and 19 times greater odds for dependence. One of every five heavy episodic drinkers was classified with d...
731 citations