Author
I. Siotis
Bio: I. Siotis is an academic researcher from National Science Foundation. The author has contributed to research in topics: KM3NeT & Transmissometer. The author has an hindex of 7, co-authored 11 publications receiving 614 citations.
Papers
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University of Hamburg1, Brunel University London2, University of Liverpool3, Fermilab4, Max Planck Society5, University of Perugia6, University of Glasgow7, Lancaster University8, Spanish National Research Council9, University of Ljubljana10, Ghent University11, King's College London12, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology13, Brookhaven National Laboratory14, STMicroelectronics15, University of California, Berkeley16, CERN17, Imperial College London18, Czech Technical University in Prague19, Université de Montréal20, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine21, Tel Aviv University22, Kurchatov Institute23, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic24, SINTEF25, Royal Institute of Technology26, Micron Technology27, Charles University in Prague28, Technical University of Dortmund29
01 Jul 2001-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: In this paper, a defect engineering technique was employed resulting in the development of Oxygen enriched FZ silicon (DOFZ), ensuring the necessary O-enrichment of about 2×1017 O/cm3 in the normal detector processing.
Abstract: The RD48 (ROSE) collaboration has succeeded to develop radiation hard silicon detectors, capable to withstand the harsh hadron fluences in the tracking areas of LHC experiments. In order to reach this objective, a defect engineering technique was employed resulting in the development of Oxygen enriched FZ silicon (DOFZ), ensuring the necessary O-enrichment of about 2×1017 O/cm3 in the normal detector processing. Systematic investigations have been carried out on various standard and oxygenated silicon diodes with neutron, proton and pion irradiation up to a fluence of 5×1014 cm−2 (1 MeV neutron equivalent). Major focus is on the changes of the effective doping concentration (depletion voltage). Other aspects (reverse current, charge collection) are covered too and the appreciable benefits obtained with DOFZ silicon in radiation tolerance for charged hadrons are outlined. The results are reliably described by the “Hamburg model”: its application to LHC experimental conditions is shown, demonstrating the superiority of the defect engineered silicon. Microscopic aspects of damage effects are also discussed, including differences due to charged and neutral hadron irradiation.
402 citations
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University of Hamburg1, Brunel University London2, University of Liverpool3, Fermilab4, Max Planck Society5, University of Perugia6, University of Glasgow7, Lancaster University8, Spanish National Research Council9, University of Ljubljana10, Ghent University11, King's College London12, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology13, Brookhaven National Laboratory14, STMicroelectronics15, University of California, Berkeley16, CERN17, Imperial College London18, Czech Technical University in Prague19, Charles University in Prague20, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine21, Université de Montréal22, Tel Aviv University23, Kurchatov Institute24, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic25, SINTEF26, Royal Institute of Technology27, Micron Technology28, Technical University of Dortmund29
01 Jun 2001-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized the final results obtained by the RD48 collaboration, focusing on the more practical aspects directly relevant for LHC applications, including the changes of the effective doping concentration (depletion voltage) and the dependence of radiation effects on fluence, temperature and operational time.
Abstract: This report summarises the final results obtained by the RD48 collaboration. The emphasis is on the more practical aspects directly relevant for LHC applications. The report is based on the comprehensive survey given in the 1999 status report (RD48 3rd Status Report, CERN/LHCC 2000-009, December 1999), a recent conference report (Lindstrom et al. (RD48), and some latest experimental results. Additional data have been reported in the last ROSE workshop (5th ROSE workshop, CERN, CERN/LEB 2000-005). A compilation of all RD48 internal reports and a full publication list can be found on the RD48 homepage (http://cern.ch/RD48/). The success of the oxygen enrichment of FZ-silicon as a highly powerful defect engineering technique and its optimisation with various commercial manufacturers are reported. The focus is on the changes of the effective doping concentration (depletion voltage). The RD48 model for the dependence of radiation effects on fluence, temperature and operational time is verified; projections to operational scenarios for main LHC experiments demonstrate vital benefits. Progress in the microscopic understanding of damage effects as well as the application of defect kinetics models and device modelling for the prediction of the macroscopic behaviour has also been achieved but will not be covered in detail.
108 citations
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01 Nov 2005-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: NESTOR as discussed by the authors is a deep-sea neutrino telescope that is under construction in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Greece at a depth of about 4000m, where the detector was operated for more than 1 month and data was continuously transmitted to shore via an electro-optical cable laid on the sea floor.
Abstract: NESTOR is a deep-sea neutrino telescope that is under construction in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Greece at a depth of about 4000 m. This paper briefly reviews the detector structure and deployment techniques before describing in detail the calibration and engineering run of a test detector carried out in 2003. The detector was operated for more than 1 month and data was continuously transmitted to shore via an electro-optical cable laid on the sea floor. The performance of the detector is discussed and analysis of the data obtained shows that the measured cosmic ray muon flux is in good agreement with previous measurements and with phenomenological cosmic ray models.
51 citations
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15 Nov 2006-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: A module of the NESTOR underwater neutrino telescope was deployed in 2003 at a depth of 3800m in order to test the overall detector performance and particularly that of the data acquisition systems as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A module of the NESTOR underwater neutrino telescope, was deployed, in March 2003, at a depth of 3800m in order to test the overall detector performance and particularly that of the data acquisition systems A prolonged period of running under stable operating conditions made it possible to measure the cosmic ray muon flux, I0 · cos a (θ) We also present our plans for the near future
24 citations
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The first so-called floor with 12 detector modules of the NESTOR deep sea high energy muon and neutrino telescope had been deployed successfully this March (2003) together with its electronics system.
Abstract: The first so-called floor with 12 detector modules of the NESTOR deep sea high energy muon and neutrino telescope had been deployed successfully this March (2003) together with its electronics system. Since that data the system and the associated environmental monitoring units are operating properly and data pp. 1377–1380 c ©2003 by Universal Academy Press, Inc.
15 citations
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TL;DR: The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN as mentioned in this paper was designed to study proton-proton (and lead-lead) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV (5.5 TeV nucleon-nucleon) and at luminosities up to 10(34)cm(-2)s(-1)
Abstract: The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is described. The detector operates at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It was conceived to study proton-proton (and lead-lead) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV (5.5 TeV nucleon-nucleon) and at luminosities up to 10(34)cm(-2)s(-1) (10(27)cm(-2)s(-1)). At the core of the CMS detector sits a high-magnetic-field and large-bore superconducting solenoid surrounding an all-silicon pixel and strip tracker, a lead-tungstate scintillating-crystals electromagnetic calorimeter, and a brass-scintillator sampling hadron calorimeter. The iron yoke of the flux-return is instrumented with four stations of muon detectors covering most of the 4 pi solid angle. Forward sampling calorimeters extend the pseudo-rapidity coverage to high values (vertical bar eta vertical bar <= 5) assuring very good hermeticity. The overall dimensions of the CMS detector are a length of 21.6 m, a diameter of 14.6 m and a total weight of 12500 t.
5,193 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the silicon pixel tracking system for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is described and the performance requirements are summarized and detailed descriptions of the pixel detector electronics and the silicon sensors are given.
Abstract: The silicon pixel tracking system for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is described and the performance requirements are summarized. Detailed descriptions of the pixel detector electronics and the silicon sensors are given. The design, fabrication, assembly and performance of the pixel detector modules are presented. Data obtained from test beams as well as studies using cosmic rays are also discussed.
709 citations
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TL;DR: A historical review of the literature on the effects of radiation-induced displacement damage in semiconductor materials and devices to provide a guide to displacement damage literature and to offer critical comments regarding that literature in an attempt to identify key findings.
Abstract: This paper provides a historical review of the literature on the effects of radiation-induced displacement damage in semiconductor materials and devices. Emphasis is placed on effects in technologically important bulk silicon and silicon devices. The primary goals are to provide a guide to displacement damage literature, to offer critical comments regarding that literature in an attempt to identify key findings, to describe how the understanding of displacement damage mechanisms and effects has evolved, and to note current trends. Selected tutorial elements are included as an aid to presenting the review information more clearly and to provide a frame of reference for the terminology used. The primary approach employed is to present information qualitatively while leaving quantitative details to the cited references. A bibliography of key displacement-damage information sources is also provided.
607 citations
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TL;DR: The first sensors of the IceCube neutrino observatory were deployed at the South Pole during the austral summer of 2004-2005 and have been producing data since February 2005.
480 citations
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21 May 2002-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: The ANTARES collaboration is building a deep sea neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea as discussed by the authors, which will cover a sensitive area of typically 0.1 km-squared and will be equipped with about 1000 optical modules.
Abstract: The ANTARES collaboration is building a deep sea neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea. This detector will cover a sensitive area of typically 0.1 km-squared and will be equipped with about 1000 optical modules. Each of these optical modules consists of a large area photomultiplier and its associated electronics housed in a pressure resistant glass sphere. The design of the ANTARES optical module, which is a key element of the detector, has been finalized following extensive R & D studies and is reviewed here in detail.
221 citations