Ian Dexter Garcia

Bio: Ian Dexter Garcia is an academic researcher from Nokia Networks. The author has contributed to research in topics: Base station & Modulo. The author has an hindex of 7, co-authored 11 publications receiving 201 citations. Previous affiliations of Ian Dexter Garcia include Tokyo Institute of Technology.

3GPP C-V2X and IEEE 802.11p for Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications in highway platooning scenarios

Abstract: The focus of this study is the performance of high-density truck platooning achieved with different wireless technologies for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. Platooning brings advantages such as lower fuel consumption and better traffic efficiency, which are maximized when the inter-vehicle spacing can be steadily maintained at a feasible minimum. This can be achieved with Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control, an automated cruise controller that relies on the complex interplay among V2V communications, on-board sensing, and actuation. This work provides a clear mapping between the performance of the V2V communications, which is measured in terms of latency and reliability, and of the platoon, which is measured in terms of achievable inter-truck spacing. Two families of radio technologies are compared: IEEE 802.11p and 3GPP Cellular-V2X (C-V2X). The C-V2X technology considered in this work is based on the Release 14 of the LTE standard, which includes two modes for V2V communications: Mode 3 (base-station-scheduled) and Mode 4 (autonomously-scheduled). Results show that C-V2X in both modes allows for shorter inter-truck distances than IEEE 802.11p due to more reliable communications performance under increasing congestion on the wireless channel caused by surrounding vehicles.

Cellular mobile communication system, base station control device, and base station- coordinated communication control method

Abstract: A cellular mobile communication system, in which a plurality of base stations communicate with mobile stations, provides a retrieval unit, in which each base station retrieves the information regarding the radio communication status of each base station communicating with the predetermined mobile station, a decision unit, which makes a decision as to whether or not to permit interstation-cooperated communication with each base station based on the information, and a determination unit which determines the communication method adopted in the mobile station based on the decision result.

Allocation of physical cell identification

Abstract: There is provided a method, comprising: generating, by a network element, a radio map of a single-frequency network having a plurality of cells, wherein the radio map represents power levels of radio signals at several locations in the network; selecting a first function to be applied, wherein the first function is at least partly based on the radio map and comprises physical cell identity, PCI, modulo 3 values for the plurality of cells as input variables; applying different combinations of the PCI modulo 3 values in the first function, wherein each candidate PCI modulo 3 value is selected from a group of three available options; determining the output of the first function with respect to each combination; determining which combination provides the output fulfilling a predefined criterion; and allocating those PCI modulo 3 values, which correspond to the output fulfilling the predefined criterion, to the plurality of cells in order to reduce the interference between primary synchronization sequences.

Dynamic Fractional Base Station Cooperation Using Shared Distributed Remote Radio Units for Advanced Cellular Networks

Abstract: Traditional cellular networks suffer the so-called “cell-edge problem” in which the user throughput is deteriorated because of pathloss and inter-cell (co-channel) interference. Recently, Base Station Cooperation (BSC) was proposed as a solution to the cell-edge problem by alleviating the interference and improving diversity and multiplexing gains at the cell-edge. However, it has minimal impact on cell-inner users and increases the complexity of the network. Moreover, static clustering, which fixes the cooperating cells, suffers from inter-cluster interference at the cluster-edge. In this paper, dynamic fractional cooperation is proposed to realize dynamic clustering in a shared RRU network. In the proposed algorithm, base station cooperation is performed dynamically at cell edges for throughput improvement of users located in these areas. To realize such base station cooperation in large scale cellular networks, coordinated scheduling and distributed dynamic cooperation are introduced. The introduction of coordinated scheduling in BSC multi-user MIMO not only maximizes the performance of BSC for cell-edge users but also reduces computational complexity by performing simple single-cell MIMO for cell-inner users. Furthermore, the proposed dynamic clustering employing shared RRU network realizes efficient transmission at all cell edges by forming cooperative cells dynamically with minimal network complexity. Owing to the combinations of the proposed algorithms, dynamic fractional cooperation achieves high network performance at all areas in the cellular network. Simulation results show that the cell-average and the 5% cell-edge user throughput can be significantly increased in practical cellular network scenarios.

Algorithm for physical cell identifier allocation

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer program for method for automatically allocating physical layer cell identifiers in the apparatus are disclosed in this document. According an embodiment of the method, the method comprises: providing a modulo 3 grouping and a modulo 30 grouping for physical layer cell identifiers in a cellular communication system, wherein the modulo 3 grouping is associated with first synchronization signal assignments and the modulo 30 grouping is associated with second synchronization signal assignments, and wherein a combination of a first synchronization signal and a second synchronization signal determines a physical layer cell identifier of a cell; allocating a modulo 3 group to each of a plurality of cells of the cellular communication system; allocating, after the allocation of the modulo 3 groups, a modulo 30 group to each of the plurality of cells of the cellular communication system, wherein the allocation of the modulo 30 groups incorporates the allocated modulo 3 group as a precondition to reduce a search space for the modulo 30 grouping; and allocating to each cell a first synchronization signal a second synchronization signal on the basis of said allocation of the modulo 30 group.

A Survey of 5G Technology Evolution, Standards, and Infrastructure Associated With Vehicle-to-Everything Communications by Internet of Vehicles

Abstract: The very last wireless network technology, created to increase the speed and the connections responsiveness, the Fifth-Generation Network (5G) can transmit a great volume of data It uses wireless broadband connections to support specific end-users and businesses services It is specifically useful for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), guaranteeing fast connections and security The 5G network technology can be used to support Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications and applications on autonomous vehicles It can enable information exchanges between vehicles and other infrastructures and people It can also provide a more comfortable and safer environment and accurate traffic knowledge The traffic ?ow can be improved, reducing pollution and accident rates The cellular network can be associated with V2X as a communicating base to offer enhanced road safety and autonomous driving, and also to offer the IoV connections This survey presents the 5G technology evolution, standards, and infrastructure associated with V2X ecosystem by IoV In other words, it presents the IoV supported by 5G V2X communications, considering its architecture, applications and also the V2X features and protocols, as well as the modes, the evaluation and the technological support in such combination The contribution of this paper is a systematized study about the interaction among these three contents: IoV, 5G, and V2X Eighty four works were selected to present concepts, standards and to identify the ways to overcome challenges This survey aims to guide the development of new 5G-V2X services and technologies dedicated to vehicle communications, and also to indicate future directions

The Determinants behind the Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles: A Systematic Review

Abstract: Excessive dependence on autonomous vehicles (AVs) may exacerbate traffic congestion and increase exhaust emissions in the future. The diffusion of AVs may be significantly affected by the public’s acceptance. A few factors that may affect people’s acceptance of AVs have been researched in the existing studies, one-third of which cited behavioral theories, while the rest did not. A total of seven factors with behavior theories are screened out that significantly affect the acceptance intention, including perceived ease of use, attitude, social norm, trust, perceived usefulness, perceived risk, and compatibility. Six factors without behavior theories are summed up that affect AV acceptance, namely safety, performance-to-price value, mobility, value of travel time, symbolic value, and environmentally friendly. We found that people in Europe and Asia have substantial differences in attitudes toward AVs and that safety is one of the most concerned factors of AVs by scholars and respondents. Public acceptance of the different types of AVs and consumers’ dynamic preferences for AVs are highlighted in the review too. The quality of literature is systematically assessed based on previously established instruments and tailored for the current review. The results of the assessment show potential opportunities for future research, such as the citation of behavior theories and access to longitudinal data. Additionally, the experimental methods and the utilization of mathematical and theoretical methods could be optimized.

Survey and Perspectives of Vehicular Wi-Fi versus Sidelink Cellular-V2X in the 5G Era

Abstract: The revolution of cooperative connected and automated vehicles is about to begin and a key milestone is the introduction of short range wireless communications between cars. Given the tremendous expected market growth, two different technologies have been standardized by international companies and consortia, namely IEEE 802.11p, out for nearly a decade, and short range cellular-vehicle-to-anything (C-V2X), of recent definition. In both cases, evolutions are under discussion. The former is only decentralized and based on a sensing before transmitting access, while the latter is based on orthogonal resources that can be also managed by an infrastructure. Although studies have been conducted to highlight advantages and drawbacks of both, doubts still remain. In this work, with a reference to the literature and the aid of large scale simulations in realistic urban and highway scenarios, we provide an insight in such a comparison, also trying to isolate the contribution of the physical and medium access control layers.

A Comparison of the V2X Communication Systems: ITS-G5 and C-V2X

Abstract: Vehicle to vehicle/infrastructure communication systems have a significant role to play in optimizing road traffic and improving road safety. In this context, two standards have emerged, namely ITS-G5 (IEEE 802.11p) and C-V2X (3GPP Release 14). The objective of this article is to compare both standards by evaluating the performance of both physical layers and associated MAC layers. The physical layer performance of a single link is first evaluated and used to derive performance in a loaded network where each user is scheduled by their respective MAC layer. Performance evaluation shows an advantage for the C-V2X for low levels of vehicles density while when the congestion increases the performance gap reduces until ITS-G5 eventually outperforms C-V2X. Finally, latency was also assessed for both communication systems.

Beamforming signaling in a wireless network

Abstract: A wireless receives at least one channel state input information element (IE) from a first base station. The wireless device computes a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) employing, at least in part, the at least one channel state input IE and measurement of signals received from a second base station. The wireless device transmits the PMI to the first base station.