VERY few veterinary surgeons have thought fit to write a book on diseases of poultry. Mr. Ernest Gray has done justice to the subject and is to be congratulated on his effort. A book of this size, written by one with specialized knowledge, will add to the value of any library or private bookshelf. Diseases of Poultry Their Aetiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Control; with a Section on the Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Fowl. By Ernest Gray. (Lockwood's Agricultural and Horticultural Handbooks.) Pp. x + 198 + 16 plates. (London: Crosby Lockwood and Son, Ltd., 1940.) 9s. 6d. net.

Diseases of Poultry

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women. The development of breast cancer is a multi-step process involving multiple cell types, and its prevention remains challenging in the world. Early diagnosis of breast cancer is one of the best approaches to prevent this disease. In some developed countries, the 5-year relative survival rate of breast cancer patients is above 80% due to early prevention. In the recent decade, great progress has been made in the understanding of breast cancer as well as in the development of preventative methods. The pathogenesis and tumor drug-resistant mechanisms are revealed by discovering breast cancer stem cells, and many genes are found related to breast cancer. Currently, people have more drug options for the chemoprevention of breast cancer, while biological prevention has been recently developed to improve patients' quality of life. In this review, we will summarize key studies of pathogenesis, related genes, risk factors and preventative methods on breast cancer over the past years. These findings represent a small step in the long fight against breast cancer.

/pdf/risk-factors-and-preventions-of-breast-cancer-4hbttkucuf.pdf

Risk Factors and Preventions of Breast Cancer.

The structure and function of the skin details the individual components of the epidermis, dermis, and their roles in normal skin health. The individual cell types in the epidermis, the different epidermal layers, and the roles of the keratinocyte are explained. The epidermis and dermis, and their important relation to each other through the dermoepidermal junction are described. The dermal adnexal structures of hair follicles (pilosebaceous units), sweat glands, and nerves are all considered. The functions of skin and barrier function are also listed. Rare but important causes of disordered sweating (hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis) are described. In addition, presentations of hyperhidrosis are discussed.

Structure and function of the skin

Pharmaceuticals in the environment: biodegradation and effects on natural microbial communities. A review.

Anthelmintic activity of medicinal plants with particular reference to their use in animals in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.

Breast cancer is the most common in women worldwide, with some 5-10% of all cases due to inherited mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Obesity, hormone therapy and use of alcohol are possible causes and over-expression of leptin in adipose tissue may also play a role. Normally surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy allow a good prognosis where screening measures are in place. New hope in treatment measures include adjuvant therapy, neoadjuvant therapy, and introduction of mono-clonal antibodies and enzyme inhibitors.

http://koreascience.or.kr:80/article/JAKO201418342936993.pdf

Breast cancer: major risk factors and recent developments in treatment.

Residues of aflatoxin B1 in broiler meat: effect of age and dietary aflatoxin B1 levels.

The aim of this study was to determine the mycoflora of poultry feeds and evaluate the aflatoxin and ochratoxins producing ability of isolated Aspergillus species. One hundred and nineteen samples of commercially prepared and farm mixed feeds were collected during 2005- 2007. The samples were inoculated on potato dextrose agar, Czapek dox solution agar, Czapek yeast autolysate agar and yeast extract sucrose (YES) agar. Mycotoxins analysis of plate cultures was performed by a HPLC technique. Fungal contamination of commercially prepared and farm-mixed and total feeds was 69.66 and 83.33 and 73.10%. Aspergillus species were the most predominant followed by Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria. Among the Aspergillus isolates, A. niger aggregates (37.74%) was most frequently isolated species followed by A. flavus (22.64), A. ochraceous (16.98%), A. parasiticus (13.21%), A. carbonarius (3.77%), A. fumigatus (3.77%) and A. oryzae (1.89%). Proportion of toxigenic fungi among Aspergillus isolates was 73.58%. Aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus were 83.33% and 85.71% while ochratoxigenic isolates of A. carbonarius, A. niger aggregates and A. ochraceous were 50, 65 and 100%, respectively. On YES medium toxigenic Aspergillus isolates produced aflatoxins varying from 0.00095 to1.9807 µg/g whereas ochratoxin A production varied from 0.00136 to 16.7168 µg/g.

Mycoflora of poultry feeds and mycotoxins producing potential of Aspergillus species.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the toxico-pathological effects of diclofenac in different avian species including broiler chicks (Gallus gallus, 15 days old), pigeons (Columba livia, 3 months old), Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica, 4 weeks old) and mynah (Acridotheres tristis, independent young). For each species, five groups each containing 10 birds were maintained and administered diclofenac sodium orally at dose rates of 0, 0.25, 2.5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively, for seven consecutive days. Clinical signs in all species included depression, somnolence, decreased body weight and mortality. Severity of clinical disease increased in a dose-related manner and was most severe in broiler chicks, followed by pigeons, Japanese quail, and was least severe in mynah. Serum creatinine levels were elevated in all species. Serum urea levels varied non-significantly in broiler birds, significantly decreased in pigeons and significantly elevated in Japanese quail and mynah. Broiler chicks and pigeons administered 10 and 20 mg diclofenac/kg had visceral gout; however, this was not observed in Japanese quail and mynah. The kidneys and liver were enlarged in all species. Histologically, the kidneys of all species showed acute renal necrosis and the livers had fatty change and necrosis of hepatocytes. The kidneys and liver of broiler chicks and pigeons given 10 and 20 mg/kg diclofenac also exhibited uric acid crystal aggregates (tophi) and associated lesions in the parenchyma.

Toxicological effects of diclofenac in four avian species.

Received: Revised: Accepted: August 19, 2010 September 07, 2010 September 10, 2010

Ijaz Javed

Papers

Breast cancer: major risk factors and recent developments in treatment.

Residues of aflatoxin B1 in broiler meat: effect of age and dietary aflatoxin B1 levels.

Mycoflora of poultry feeds and mycotoxins producing potential of Aspergillus species.

Toxicological effects of diclofenac in four avian species.

Uptake of Heavy Metal Residues from Sewerage Sludge in the Milk of Goat and Cattle during Summer Season