Advances in science and technology of modern energetic materials: an overview.

Energetic salts offer many advantages over conventional energetic molecular compounds. The use of nitrogen containing anions and cations contributes to high heats of formations and high densities. Their low carbon and hydrogen content gives rise to a good oxygen balance. The decomposition of these compounds is predominantly through the generation of dinitrogen which makes them very promising candidates for highly energetic materials for industrial or military applications.

Energetic nitrogen-rich salts and ionic liquids.

In agreement with the current trend of giving value to natural and renewable resources, the use of natural antimicrobial compounds, particularly in food and biomedical applications, becomes very frequent. The direct addition of natural compounds to food is the most common method of application, even if numerous efforts have been made to find alternative solutions to the aim of avoiding undesirable inactivation. Dipping, spraying and coating treatment of food with active solutions are currently applied to product prior to packaging as valid options. The aim of the current work is to give an overview on the use of natural compounds in food sector. In particular, the review will gather numerous case-studies of meat, fish, dairy products, minimally processed fruit and vegetables and cereal-based products where these compounds found application.

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Food applications of natural antimicrobial compounds

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/551703.pdf

Applications of nano-catalyst in new era

New approximate formula for Arrhenius temperature integral

Five transition metal salts of 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-one, [namely M(NTO)n⋅mH2O where M is Ag, Hg, Cd, Cr, Fe where n=1,2,2,3,3 and m=1,2,2,8,2 respectively] were prepared and characterized (hereafter these compounds will be named as AgNTO, HgNTO, CdNTO, CrNTO and FeNTO, respectively). Their thermal decomposition was investigated by TG, DTA whereas explosive behaviour has been studied in terms of explosion delay, impact and friction sensitivities. Further, kinetic parameters have been derived using non-isothermal TG data and mechanism of thermolysis has also been proposed. It seems that dehydration takes place prior to the evolution of NO2 and the subsequent ring rupture yielding metal oxide. AgNTO on the other hand yields metallic silver. Dehydration in the case of HgNTO occurs in two steps: at each step one molecule is lost. All the salts are insensitive to impact and at the same time insensitive to friction up to 360 N.

Studies on Energetic Compounds Part 23: Preparation, Thermal and Explosive Characteristics of Transition Metal Salts of 5‐Nitro‐2,4‐Dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐Triazole‐3‐One (NTO)

Three transition metal perchlorate complexes of general formula [M(dah)2)](ClO4)2 (where M = Zn, Cu, and Ni; dah = 1,6-diaminohexane) have been prepared, and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and gravimetric method. The thermal decomposition has been studied by thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Kinetics parameters of their thermolysis were evaluated by model-fitting and isoconversional methods using isothermal TG data. Model-fitting method has given the single value of activation energy (E) whereas; isoconversional method yields a series of E values which vary with the extent of conversion. Further ignition delay of these complexes was measured to see the response toward rapid heating with varying amounts. The thermal stability of the complexes decreases in the order as: [Zn(dah)2)](ClO4)2 > [Cu(dah)2)](ClO4)2 > [Ni(dah)2)](ClO4)2

Kinetics of thermolysis of some transition metal perchlorate complexes with 1,6-diaminohexane ligand

Nanocrystals of NiO and ZnO were prepared by a novel refluxing method and characterized by XRD and TEM. The average particles size of NiO and ZnO were found to be 6 and 31 nm, respectively, from the XRD patterns. These Transition Metal Oxide Nanocrystals (TMONs) were found to catalyze the thermal decomposition of 5-nitro-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-one (NTO). Between the two TMOs, ZnO was found to have better catalytic activity than NiO. Kinetic parameters for the isothermal decomposition of NTO in presence and absence of these metal oxides were obtained using a model-free isoconversional method. The activation energy for NTO, NTO+1 %NiO, and NTO+1 %ZnO was found to be 60.1, 52.1, and 47.9 kJ mol−1 and a similar order was found from the explosion studies (36.1, 31.6, and 27.4 kJ mol−1, respectively).

Preparation, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity of Nanosized NiO and ZnO: Part 74

Three salts of phenylenediammonium diperchlorate have been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Their thermal decomposition has been studied by thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and explosion delay (DE) measurements. The kinetics of thermal decomposition was evaluated by model fitting and isoconversional methods using TG data. The oxidation-reduction reactions near the surface of thermolysing perchlorates may be responsible for the decomposition followed by explosion. The possible pathways of thermolysis have also been proposed.

Inder Pal Singh Kapoor

Papers

Studies on Energetic Compounds Part 23: Preparation, Thermal and Explosive Characteristics of Transition Metal Salts of 5‐Nitro‐2,4‐Dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐Triazole‐3‐One (NTO)

Kinetics of thermolysis of some transition metal perchlorate complexes with 1,6-diaminohexane ligand

Preparation, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity of Nanosized NiO and ZnO: Part 74

Preparation, crystal structure, and thermolysis of phenylenediammonium diperchlorate salts.

Studies on energetic compounds Part 3. Kinetics of thermolysis of dimethylanilinium nitrates