Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

Data Mining - Concepts and Techniques.

A survey of neural network-based cancer prediction models from microarray data.

Therapeutic issues are commonly found in every single person. Tumor is a standout among the most unsafe sicknesses a human can ever had. It is exceptionally hard to distinguish it in its beginning times as its side effects seem just in the progressed stages. Subsequently, the early forecast of lung growth is compulsory for the analysis procedure, and it gives the higher possibilities for fruitful treatment. It is the most difficult approach to upgrade a patient’s possibility for survival. Henceforth, a higher-order neural network system called recurrent neural network with Levenberg–Marquardt model with the help of glowworm swarm optimization algorithm is proposed for managing multimodal disease information. The execution of the proposed strategies is tried with information and the benchmark dataset, and the outcomes demonstrate that the higher-order recurrent neural systems with glowworm swarm optimization give better accuracy of 98% in comparison with customary optimized neural network.

Lung cancer prediction using higher-order recurrent neural network based on glowworm swarm optimization

Cancer is the major leading reason of death around the world. However, the early identification and prediction of a cancer type is very critical for patient’s health. Recently, microarray gene expression data was utilized for efficient and early diagnosis of cancer. Previous work shows that microarray data has two major issues which are high dimensionality and small sample size. Several researchers have analyzed and evaluated the cancer classification problem using different statistical and machine learning-based approaches but there are still some issues with these approaches that make cancer classification a nontrivial task. Such as, the inability of certain machine learning algorithms to use unstructured data has limited their utility in the cancer classification process. Convolutional neural networks are proven to very suitable to analyze variety of unstructured data. This ability allowed the deep learning algorithms to play a vibrant part in early detection of cancer through data classification. In this research, a hybrid deep learning model based on Laplacian Score-Convolutional Neural Network (LS-CNN) is employed for the classification of given cancer’s data. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated on 10 different benchmark datasets using various performance measurement metrics such as accuracy and confusion matrix. The experimental results conclude that proposed LS-CNN model outperformed compared to traditional machine learning and recently used deep learning approaches.

Optimized gene selection and classification of cancer from microarray gene expression data using deep learning

Naturally, cells in human body grow and divide in a controlled way to produce more cells to maintain health. Cancer affects human body when abnormal cells divide without control and becomes able to invade other tissues. The genetic material (DNA) of these cells becomes damaged or changed that affects normal cell growth and division. Early diagnosis is of considerable significance of the physician's skills conducted based on their knowledge and experience yet an error might occur. A range of therapies have been provided by researchers already. Use of various Artificial Intelligence methods for medical diagnosis of diseases has recently become widespread. These intelligent systems help physicians as a diagnosis assistant. Now, various Artificial Neural Network, Rough Set, Decision Tree, Bayesian Network are very popular for this purpose. In this paper, Multi layer Feed Forward Neural Network was used to detect cancer from Microarray Data and UCI Machine Learning Data. Back Propagation Rule was used for training the model. Throughout this paper, two types of validations were performed: cross validation and new case testing for above two datasets with different combination of hidden layers and corresponding nodes. It was found that, NN model can classify the data with very good accuracy and this will lead to automated medical diagnosis system for the particular disease.

Indrojit Banerjee

Papers

Cancer Classification Using Neural Network