Widyastuti A, Yani E, Nasution EK, Rochmatino. 2018. Diversity of mangrove vegetation and carbon sink estimation of Segara Anakan Mangrove Forest, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 246-252. Mangrove forests are known as standing stores of sequestered atmospheric carbon. The role of mangrove forests in the sequestering substantial amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and storing the carbon in its biomass has been recently underscored. This research aimed to estimate vegetation diversity and carbon sink potential of Segara Anakan Mangrove Forest Cilacap, Central Java from August-December 2012. Vegetations sampling was done by square plots technique. Diversity index was utilized to determine species diversity. Allometric equations were used to estimate biomass and carbon sinks. This study only calculates aboveground biomass and carbon sinks. The research results showed that mangrove in Segara Anakan was composed of 24 species with 19 families, consisting of 16 species of trees, 14 species of saplings and 16 species of herbs. The most dominant tree was Avicennia marina with importance value of 43.62% in Kembang Kuning, 60.27% in Ujung Alang and 25.6% in Klaces. The most dominant of sapling was Avicennia marina, with an important value of 31.1%. The total biomass of a tree is about 43.06 kg/tree or 0.13 ton/ha. Total biomass of sapling was 27.38 kg/tree or 0.32 ton/ha. The carbon sink of the tree was 49.10 ton/ha and carbon sink of sapling was 79.39 ton/ha. It can be concluded that Segara Anakan Mangrove forest is very important as a carbon sink in South part of Central Java, Indonesia.

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Diversity of mangrove vegetation and carbon sink estimation of Segara Anakan Mangrove Forest, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia

. Eddy S, Ridho MR, Iskandar I, Mulyana A. 2019. Species composition and structure of degraded mangrove vegetation in the Air Telang Protected Forest, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2119-2127. Air Telang Protected Forest (ATPF) is one of the protected forests in the coastal area of South Sumatra, Indonesia which is around 12,660.9 hectares. This area is strategic because it borders directly with the Bangka Strait and adjacent to Sembilang National Park making it easy to access by the community. Various anthropogenic activities in the region such as residential, farming, agriculture, aquaculture, port and timber harvesting have led to degradation and loss of primary mangrove forest. This study aims to analyze the species composition and community structure of mangrove vegetation in the ATPF. The data were collected through observations at several point-centered samplings which were used to analyze the species composition and community structure of the vegetation and the physicochemical conditions of the environment. The species composition of this area consists of 20 species belonging to 14 families. The dominant species of tree, sapling and seedling stages are Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora apiculata and Acrostichum aureum, respectively. Overall species diversity index in this region is classified as very low, ranging from 0.00 to 0.73. Cluster analysis showed three types of vegetation structures in this region, namely Cyperus-Acrostichum type (shrub vegetation), Acrostichum-Rhizophora type (secondary forests) and Nypa-Avicennia (primary forests).

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Species composition and structure of degraded mangrove vegetation in the Air Telang Protected Forest, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Eddy S, Iskandar I, Ridho MR, Mulyana A. 2017. Land cover changes in the Air Telang Protected Forest, South Sumatra, Indonesia (1989-2013). Biodiversitas 18: 1538-1545. The Air Telang Protected Forest (ATPF) is a mangrove forest in the Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. It has an area of about 12,660.87 ha. In fact, that the ATPF area has been converted into aquacultures, plantations, agricultural lands, settlements and ports during recent decades. The objective of this study is to identify the land cover changes in the ATPF from 1989 through 2013 using satellite remote sensing data. Three Landsat satellite imageries for 1989, 2001 and 2013 have been used to build maps and to predict the land cover changes in the study area. A ground-truthing verification was done to increase the accuracy of image classification in each region. The results showed that the anthropogenic forcing had caused significant degradation of primary mangrove forest in the ATPF from 1989 to 2013. This forcing was categorized as mangrove conversion into coconut plantations, oil palm plantations, aquacultures, farms, ports, and settlements. Of these six conversions, the coconut plantations, oil palm plantations and aquacultures have potential tendencies to increase construction that could threaten the existence of mangrove forest in ATPF. It was found that during 2013, the coconut plantations, oil palm plantations, and aquacultures accounted for about 18.0% (2,278.62 ha), 4.7% (591.87 ha) and 3.1% (386.18 ha) of mangrove forest changes, respectively.

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Land cover changes in the Air Telang Protected Forest, South Sumatra, Indonesia (1989-2013)

Snake bites possess significant amount of mortality as well as morbidity all over the world including India. Despite various species of snakes, only few of these can be potentially lethal to humans. Snake antivenom being only therapeutic option available in snake bite management, but has many drawbacks in actual clinical practice like species specificity, difficulty in availability, affordability and ideal storage conditions. The medicinal plants, available locally and used widely by traditional healers, therefore need attention in this aspects. Large number of plants and their active principles has been evaluated for pharmacological properties useful in the treatment of snake bites. However, numerous unexplored plants are claimed to have definite role in this issue need to be further studied. This review is an attempt to present a comprehensive account of various Indian herbal plants used in the treatment of snake bite in any forms like venom neutralization, topical application for local pain relief, oral formulation for pain relief etc. Keywords: Herbal plants, Snake bite, Anti-snake venom, Venom neutralisation

Snake bites: role of medicinal plants in management

. Isroni W, Islamy RA, Musa M, Wijanarko P. 2019. Short Communication: Species composition and density of mangrove forest in Kedawang Village, Pasuruan, East Java. Biodiversitas 20: 1688-1692. Mangrove is one of ecosystems located in estuary and shallow coastal waters and its existence has a significant role for life. The aim of this study was to identify species composition and density of mangrove forest in Kedawang village, Nguling Sub-district, Pasuruan District, East Java, Indonesia. Survey method using belt transects was carried at three sampling points. Results of this study showed that mangrove vegetation in Kedawang includes five species from three families, namely Avicenniaceae (Avicennia alba and Avicennia marina), Rhizophoraceae (Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata), and Sonneratiace (Sonneratia alba). At sampling point 1, A. alba dominated with a density of 37 individuals/ha at tree level, 380 individuals/ha at pole level and 3100 individuals/ha at stake level. At sampling point 2, the tree level was dominated by A. alba with 142 individuals/ha, while R. mucronata dominated the pole and stake level with 1300 and 1467individuals/ha, respectively. At sampling point 3, the pole and stake level was dominated by A. alba with 167 and 933 individuals/ha respectively, while A. marina dominated the sapling level with 800 individuals/ha. At all stations, the density at stake level is greater than that tree level. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out conservation efforts in the form of protection combined with restoration by enrichment planting at all study locations to increase the diversity and density of mangrove vegetation.

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Short Communication: Species composition and density of mangrove forest in Kedawang Village, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia

The study was intended to observe the vegetation composition and structure of mangrove plants on southern and northern coast of Central Java Province. This research was conducted in July till December 2003, at 20 sites. Laboratory assay was done in Laboratory of Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, and Central Laboratory of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University (UNS) Surakarta. Data was collected by using belt transect method, from coast line into landward. The result indicated that in common, the trees strata which also have shoots strata and strata of germs (seedlings); and bushes strata which also have strata of germs(seedlings), if they were compared to the same species then their important value tend to be stable. So it was predictable that in the disturbance condition, the preservation of mangrove was guaranteed, as long as there was no great change on a broad scale.Â© 2005 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: mangrove plants, Central Java Province, composition and vegetation structure

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Mangrove plants in coastal area of Central Java: 2. Floristic composition and vegetation structure

The study was intended to observe the horizontal and vertical diagrams of mangrove vegetation profile on southern and northern coast of Central Java Province. This research was conducted in July until December 2003, at 20 sites. Analysis of profile diagram was done in Laboratory of Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University (UNS) Surakarta. Data was collected by using belt transect method, from coast line into landward. The result indicated that the diagram profile of vegetation showed the height of anthropogenic influence, where the vegetation was dominated by young plants; there were only (1)-2-(3-4) strata of canopy (storey). Human disturbance caused most of the vegetation in the secondary succession level; almost it has not in the climax condition level. The area in the belt transect that used to build diagram usually have canopy gap or bare land caused by logging, or to be converse into another land use, especially sawah (rice field) and tambak (fish pond and salt extraction). The resistance of young plant gives hope to the sustainability of the mangrove plant in Central Java, but width scale of environmental changes can degrade this habitat completely.Key words: vegetation profile, horizontal and vertical diagrams, Central Java Province

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Mangrove plants in coastal area of Central Java: 3. Horizontal and vertical diagram of vegetation profile

The study was intended to observe the diversity and the distribution of mangrove plants species on southern and northern coast of Central Java Province. This research was conducted in July till December 2003, at 20 sites. Laboratory assay was conducted in Laboratory of Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, and Central Laboratory of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, SebelasMaret University (UNS) Surakarta. Plant specimens were collected by using survey method, than it was identified and preserved as herbaria. The result indicated that there was 55 species (27 families) of mangrove plants in Central Java, composed by major (17), minor (12), and association (26) plants, with habits i.e. trees (32), bushes (13), and herbs (10). The species of major mangrove plant with the broadest range of site distribution were R. mucronata (16), followed by S. alba (15), N. fruticans (12), A. alba and A. marina (each was 11).The species of minor mangrove plant with the broadest range of site distribution was A. aureum (11). The associative plant of mangrove with the broadest range of site distribution was A. ilicifolius (16), D. trifoliata (15), C. gigantea (13), H. tiliaceus (11), T. catappa (11), and I. pes-caprae (10). The other species were distributed in less than 10 sites. The location with the most varied species diversity was Wulan (35), the next was Motean and Muara Dua (each was 29), Bogowonto (19), Pasar Banggi (18), Tritih (17), Sigrogol (15), Juwana and Ijo (each was 14), Cakrayasan (12), Lasem and Serang (each was 11), Bulak, Telukawur, Cingcingguling and Bengawan (each was 9),Pecangakan (8), Serang (6), and the last was Tayu (5).Â© 2005 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: mangrove plants, species diversity, Central Java Province.

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Mangrove plants in coastal area of Central Java: 2. Floristic composition and vegetation structure

Mangrove plants in coastal area of Central Java: 3. Horizontal and vertical diagram of vegetation profile

Mangrove plants in coastal area of Central Java: 1. Species diversity