The process of fixation identification—separating and labeling fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols—is an essential part of eye-movement data analysis and can have a dramatic impact on higher-level analyses. However, algorithms for performing fixation identification are often described informally and rarely compared in a meaningful way. In this paper we propose a taxonomy of fixation identification algorithms that classifies algorithms in terms of how they utilize spatial and temporal information in eye-tracking protocols. Using this taxonomy, we describe five algorithms that are representative of different classes in the taxonomy and are based on commonly employed techniques. We then evaluate and compare these algorithms with respect to a number of qualitative characteristics. The results of these comparisons offer interesting implications for the use of the various algorithms in future work.

https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~salvucci/publications/Salvucci-ETRA00.pdf

Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols

저작근 근전도에 관한 정상교합자와 ii급 부정교합자의 비교 연구

This tutorial focuses on the sense of touch within the context of a fully active human observer. It is intended for graduate students and researchers outside the discipline who seek an introduction to the rapidly evolving field of human haptics. The tutorial begins with a review of peripheral sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, and joints. We then describe an extensive body of research on “what” and “where” channels, the former dealing with haptic perception of objects, surfaces, and their properties, and the latter with perception of spatial layout on the skin and in external space relative to the perceiver. We conclude with a brief discussion of other significant issues in the field, including vision-touch interactions, affective touch, neural plasticity, and applications.

/pdf/haptic-perception-a-tutorial-23ue9h4nvo.pdf

Haptic perception: a tutorial.

An organic light emitting display capable of displaying an image with uniform luminance regardless of deterioration of an organic light emitting diode and threshold voltage and/or mobility of a drive transistor is disclosed. The organic light emitting display senses deterioration of the organic light emitting diode and threshold voltage and/or mobility of a drive transistor and modifies the data supplied to the pixel according to the sensed parameters.

Organic light emitting display and driving method thereof

There is set forth herein a terminal having an image sensor array and a plurality of operator selectable operating modes. The image sensor array can have an associated light source bank. The operator selectable operating modes can include at least one camera operating mode and at least one flashlight operating mode. In the at least one camera operating mode the image sensor array and light source bank can be controlled for optimization of frame capture. In the at least one flashlight operating mode the image sensor array and the light source bank can be controlled for optimizing illumination of an operators viewing area with reduced average power consumption.

Terminal having plurality of operating modes

This paper addresses the question of how large the temporal delay between a visual and a haptic stimulus may be such that the stimuli are still perceived as being synchronous. Participants had to judge whether the moment at which a graphical object collided with a virtual wall occurred simultaneously with the moment at which a force was felt through a force feedback joystick. Participants either moved the joystick to drive the object (active touch) or held the joystick in a steady position while the object moved by itself (passive touch). Participants were found to be very sensitive to visual-haptic time delays. Sensitivity was higher for passive touch than for active touch. The minimum delay at which participants judged the stimuli as asynchronous was on average 45 ms. The delay at which the proportion of synchronous judgments reached a maximum was on average close to zero. The results indicate that the temporal accuracy of visual-haptic interfaces has to meet stringent requirements in order to optimize the overall realism that users experience. Actual or potential applications of this research include teleoperation, medical training, computer-aided-design, and scientific visualization.

Detection of temporal delays in visual-haptic interfaces.

A haptic aftereffect of curved surfaces is demonstrated. Two spherical surfaces were presented sequentially to human subjects. They rested one hand on the first (conditioning) surface. After a fixed conditioning period they transferred their hand to the second (test) surface and judged whether the test surface was convex or concave. In experiment 1 the curvature of the conditioning surface was varied; the subject's judgment of convexity or concavity of the test surface was strongly shifted in the direction opposite to the curvature of the conditioning surface (negative aftereffect). Therefore, subjects judged a flat surface to be concave after being exposed to a convex surface. After a conditioning period of 5 s the shift was about 20% of the curvature of the conditioning surface. In experiment 2 the duration of the conditioning period was varied; the magnitude of the aftereffect could be described by a first-order integrator with a time constant of 2 s. In experiment 3 the time interval between the conditioning period and the touching of the second surface was varied; the magnitude of the aftereffect could be described by an exponential decay with a time constant of 40 s. It is concluded that the haptic aftereffect of curved surfaces is an important effect that occurs almost instantaneously and lasts for an appreciable period.

/pdf/haptic-aftereffect-of-curved-surfaces-48n4yyzbog.pdf

Haptic Aftereffect of Curved Surfaces

A method of displaying an input signal (IV) on a full color LED display is discussed wherein the display has pixels ( 11 ) comprising at least four LED's (PLi) which respectively emit light with four primary colors. The method comprises converting (SC) the input signal (IV) into drive signals for the at least four LED's (PLi). The converting (SC) comprises: (i) determining (RD) valid ranges (VRi) of at least two of the drive signals (DSi) to obtain a color of the combined light emitted which fits the input signal (IV), (ii) determining (LD) a gradation or lifetime indication (LTi) of the at least two LED's (PLi) for associated ones of the drive signals (DSi) within the valid ranges (VRi), and (iii) determining (CD) a combination (DCi) of values of drive signals (DSi) providing substantially the minimum degradation, or the maximum lifetime, of a combination of the at least two LED's (PLi) based on the degradation or lifetime indications (LTi).

Led Display System

To date, it is largely unknown which light settings define the optimum to steer alertness and cognitive control during regular daytime working hours In the current article, we used a multimeasure approach combined with a relatively large sample size ( N = 60) and a large range of intensity levels (20-2000 lux at eye level) to investigate the dose-dependent relationship between light and correlates of alertness and executive control during regular working hours in the morning and afternoon Each participant was exposed to a single-intensity light level for 1 h after a 30-min baseline phase (100 lux at the eye) in the morning and afternoon (on separate days) during their daily routine Results revealed no clear dose-dependent relationships between 1-h daytime light exposure and correlates of alertness or executive control Subjective correlates showed only very modest linear relationships with the log-transformed illuminance, and we found no significant effects of light intensity on the behavioral and physiological indicators Overall, these results suggest that daytime exposure to more intense light, at least for 1 h of exposure, may not systematically benefit alertness or executive functioning However, future research is required to investigate effects of longer exposure durations and potential moderations by prior light exposure, personal characteristics, and spectrum

/pdf/investigation-of-dose-response-relationships-for-effects-of-325gtbjbo2.pdf

Investigation of Dose-Response Relationships for Effects of White Light Exposure on Correlates of Alertness and Executive Control during Regular Daytime Working Hours.

The present invention relates to a method for illuminating a scene having an average lighting setting, the method comprising the steps of receive scene information from an image sensor (110) comprising a plurality of pixels, determine chromaticity coordinates for the scene based on the scene information, and determine, based on the chromaticity coordinates, control values used for driving the at least two differently colored light sources (L1, L2, L3), thereby allowing for illumination of the scene without essentially changing the average lighting setting of the scene. The present invention provides for the possibility to in a more precise way match the average lighting setting of the scene, wherein it is possible to produced light that assure a more natural rendering of illuminated objects in the scene. In comparison to the prior art, for light sources which have spectra far from the black body curve, the chromaticity coordinates are a better representation of the color of ambient light illuminating the scene than when using the correlated color temperature. The present invention also relates to a corresponding illumination device (100).

Ingrid M. L. C. Vogels

Papers

Detection of temporal delays in visual-haptic interfaces.

Haptic Aftereffect of Curved Surfaces

Led Display System

Investigation of Dose-Response Relationships for Effects of White Light Exposure on Correlates of Alertness and Executive Control during Regular Daytime Working Hours.

Camera illumination device