http://pdfwww.china-up.com:8080/international/case/case/1296.pdf

Gender planning in the Third World: meeting practical and strategic gender needs.

If child labor as a mass phenomenon occurs not because of parental selfishness but because of the parents' concern for the household's survival, the popular argument for banning child labor loses much of its force. However, this assumption about parental decision-making coupled with the assumption of substitutability in production between child and adult labor could result in multiple equilibria in the labor market, with one equilibrium where children work and another where adult wage is high and children do not work. The paper establishes this result and discusses its policy implications.

The Economics of Child Labor

How can we account for the global diffusion of remarkably similar policy innovations across widely differing nation-states? In an era characterized by heightened globalization and increasingly radical state restructuring, this question has become especially acute. Scholars of international relations offer a number of theoretical explanations for the cross-national convergence of ideas, institutions, and interests. We examine the proliferation of state bureaucracies for gender mainstreaming. These organizations seek to integrate a gender-equality perspective across all areas of government policy. Although they so far have received scant attention outside of feminist policy circles, these mainstreaming bureaucracies—now in place in over 100 countries—represent a powerful challenge to business-as-usual politics and policymaking. As a policy innovation, the speed with which these institutional mechanisms have been adopted by the majority of national governments is unprecedented. We argue that transnational networks composed largely of nonstate actors (notably women's international nongovernmental organizations and the United Nations) have been the primary forces driving the diffusion of gender mainstreaming. In an event history analysis of 157 nation-states from 1975 to 1998, we assess how various national and transnational factors have affected the timing and the type of the institutional changes these states have made. Our findings support the claim that the diffusion of gender-mainstreaming mechanisms has been facilitated by the role played by transnational networks, in particular by the transnational feminist movement. Further, they suggest a major shift in the nature and the locus of global politics and national policymaking.

Transnational Networks and Policy Diffusion: The Case of Gender Mainstreaming

Food issues are generally regarded as agricultural and rural issues. The urban food system is less visible than such other systems as transportation, housing, employment, or even the environment. The reasons for its low visibility include the historic process by which issues and policies came to be defined as urban; the spread of processing, refrigeration, and transportation technology together with cheap, abundant energy that rendered invisible the loss of farmland around older cities; and the continuing institutional separation of urban and rural policy. Despite its low visibility, the urban food system nonetheless contributes significantly to community health and welfare; to metropolitan economies; connects to other urban systems such as housing, transportation, land use, and economic development; and impacts the urban environment. We examine existing or potential city institutions that could offer a more comprehensive look at the urban food system. These include the city department of food, the food policy council, and the city-planning department.

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Placing the food system on the urban agenda: The role of municipal institutions in food systems planning

The 1999 Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, the eleventh anniversary, was held at the Bank on April 28-30, 1999. The discussions focused on three trends of development: 1) the emerging international financial architecture; 2) challenges to social development; and 3) lessons from a decade of transition. Twelve papers were presented on a variety of topics including corporate governance, short-term capital flows, and the relationships between crime, violence, and inequitable development. The keynote addresses by Noble Laureate Kenneth Arrow, Secretary of the US Treasury Lawrence Summers, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, senior vice president, Development Economics and chief economist at the World Bank and former chair of the US Council of Economic Advisors, broach many of the topics that were central to the conference. They examine technological knowledge and innovation and global integration and look back at the arduous process of transition in the former Soviet Union.

Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1997

Preface About the Authors Introduction: Irene Tinker: A Context for the Field and for the Book Ester Boserup: Economic Change and the Roles of Women Part One: The Politics of Women in Development: Irene Tinker: The Making of the Field: Advocates, Practitioners, Scholars Jane Jacquette: Gender and Justice in Economic Development Charlotte Bunch and Roxanna Carrillo: Feminist Perspectives on Women in Development Susan C. Bourque and Kay B. Warren: Access is not Enough: Gender Perspectives on Technology and Education Linda Y.C. Lim: Women's Work in Export Factories: The Politics of a Cause Part Two: Intrahousehold Distribution and Control: Amartya K. Sen: Gender and Co-operative Conflicts Benjamin Senauer: The Impact of the Value of Women's Time on Food and Nutrition Hanna Papanek: To Each Less Than She Needs, from Each More Than She Can Do: Allocations, Entitlements, and Value Part Three: Challenging Patriarchy: Vina Mazumdar and Kumud Sharma: Sexual Division of Labor and the Subordination of Women: A Reappraisal from India Simi Afonja: Changing Patterns of Gender Stratification in West Africa Christine Obbo: Women, Work, and the Articulation of Dominance: An East Africa Lament Joycelin Massiah: Defining Women's Work in the Commonwealth Caribbean Ken Kusterer: The Imminent Demise of Patriarchy.

Persistent Inequalities: Women and World Development

Street foods are sold in almost every country in the world. Many urban and rural people depend on them for one or more meals each day. This book explores this world of entrepreneurs in developing countries. When all of the participants in the delivery are counted, including local farmers, food processors, and street vendors, one realizes the enormous size of this 'industry'. Research conducted by the authors with vendors, local community leaders, and public health officials, worked not only to collect data, but to raise the hygiene of the food that is sold.

Street Foods: Urban Food and Employment in Developing Countries

Women and World Development.

Microentrepreneurs and homeworkers: Convergent categories

Synopsis The demand for 30% reservations for women in electoral bodies has escalated in the last decade and has produced significant increases in women legislators in many countries. Those campaigning for quotas anticipated a change in government policies and priorities and an increased influence of women in decision-making. Such a shift in power depends both on the types of party systems and of electoral systems, issues widely overlooked. Utilizing proportional representation (PR) with a fixed party list system will certainly increase the number of women elected; but women selected must be party loyalists. Studies suggest their impact on policy is limited. Reservations in countries using the single-member constituency system require legal change. Women leaders of civil society organizations are more likely to win elections under the single-constituency system and thus have greater influence on policy. Many obstacles remain for women to be effective in all these male-dominated chambers.

Irene Tinker

Papers

Persistent Inequalities: Women and World Development

Street Foods: Urban Food and Employment in Developing Countries

Women and World Development.

Microentrepreneurs and homeworkers: Convergent categories

Quotas for women in elected legislatures: Do they really empower women?