scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Author

Irving W. Bailey

Bio: Irving W. Bailey is an academic researcher from Harvard University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Cambium & Winteraceae. The author has an hindex of 33, co-authored 92 publications receiving 3391 citations.


Papers
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The necessity for extensive preliminary, comparative investigations in selecting material for intensive experimental research, and to serve as checks upon excessive generalization from limited induction, is well illustrated by the literature dealing with body size and cell size.
Abstract: Much has been written during the last fifty years concerning the relations between cell size, and body size, nuclear size, chromosomal number, and chromosomal mass. One group of botanists and zoologists, including such classical writers as Sachs (I893), Driesch (I898, I900), and Boveri (I904), maintain that the size of the cells in specific organs or organisms remains constant regardless of variations in growth or stature, whereas another group hold that cell number rather than cell size is fixed. A second controversy revolves around the question whether the nucleo-cytoplasmic relation is a constant or a self-regulating ratio, and, more recently, whether dwarf and giant mutants are produced by changes in the number or in the size of chromosomes. Many of the discrepancies in the conclusions of these writers appear to be due to an intensive study of a particular tissue, organism, or stage in ontogeny without reference to what may occur in other tissues, organisms, or developmental stages. Levi (I906) has shown that in mammals the size variations of epithelial and gland cells-elements which continue to divide throughout life-are insignificant, whereas such highly differentiated cells as nerve fibers, lens fibers, muscle fibers, and ganglion cells tend to be considerably larger in large animals than in small ones. Thus, the necessity for extensive preliminary, comparative investigations in selecting material for intensive experimental research, and to serve as checks upon excessive generalization from limited induction, is well illustrated by the literature dealing with body size and cell size. In the first investigation of this series' an attempt was made to determine, by means of an extensive reconnaissance survey, what are some of the more fundamental types of size variations that occur in the tracheary 1 Bailey, I. W., and Tupper, W. W. Size variation in tracheary cells: i. A comparison between the secondary xylems of vascular cryptogams, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 54: I49-204. I9I8.

135 citations


Cited by
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that, similar to the manifold that tree species leaf traits cluster around the 'leaf economics spectrum', a similar 'wood economics spectrum' may be defined.
Abstract: Wood performs several essential functions in plants, including mechanically supporting aboveground tissue, storing water and other resources, and transporting sap. Woody tissues are likely to face physiological, structural and defensive trade-offs. How a plant optimizes among these competing functions can have major ecological implications, which have been under-appreciated by ecologists compared to the focus they have given to leaf function. To draw together our current understanding of wood function, we identify and collate data on the major wood functional traits, including the largest wood density database to date (8412 taxa), mechanical strength measures and anatomical features, as well as clade-specific features such as secondary chemistry. We then show how wood traits are related to one another, highlighting functional trade-offs, and to ecological and demographic plant features (growth form, growth rate, latitude, ecological setting). We suggest that, similar to the manifold that tree species leaf traits cluster around the 'leaf economics spectrum', a similar 'wood economics spectrum' may be defined. We then discuss the biogeography, evolution and biogeochemistry of the spectrum, and conclude by pointing out the major gaps in our current knowledge of wood functional traits.

2,408 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The glossary of pollen and spore terminology was first presented to the international palynological community as the final outcome of the Working Group onPalynological Terminology at the 8th International Palynological Congress in Aix-en-Provence in 1992 and became widely accepted as reference guide for palynologists to assist in the preparation of accurate and consistent descriptions of their material.

1,985 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: Embolism Formation by Winter Freezing, Water Stress-Induced Embolism, and more.
Abstract: WATER RELATIONS AND THE VULNERABLE PIPELINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 EARLY EFFORTS TO DETECT CAVITATION AND EMBOLISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF CAVITATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Audio (Low-Frequency) Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Ultrasonic Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Physics of Sound Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 HYDRAULIC DETECTION OF EMBOLISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 CAVITATION AND EMBOLISM IN NATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 MECHANISMS OF EMBOLISM FORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Water Stress-Induced Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Embolism Formation by Winter Freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Pathogen-Induced Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 EMBOLISM REPAIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 30 VULNERABILITY OF XYLEM TO WATER STRESS-INDUCED EMBOLISM . . . . . . 31 HYDRAULIC ARCHITECTURE AND SUFFICIENCY OF TREES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

1,488 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
06 Feb 2014-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that woody clades successfully moved into freezing-prone environments by either possessing transport networks of small safe conduits and/or shutting down hydraulic function by dropping leaves during freezing.
Abstract: Early flowering plants are thought to have been woody species restricted to warm habitats 1–3 . This lineage has since radiated into almost every climate, with manifold growth forms 4 . As angiosperms spread and climate changed, they evolved mechanisms to cope with episodic freezing. To explore the evolution of traits underpinning the ability to persist in freezing conditions, we assembled a large species-level database of growth habit (woody or herbaceous; 49,064 species), as well as leaf phenology (evergreen or deciduous), diameter of hydraulic conduits (that is, xylem vessels and tracheids) and climate occupancies (exposure to freezing). To model the evolution of species’ traits and climate occupancies, we combined these data with an unparalleled dated molecular phylogeny (32,223 species) for land plants. Here we show that woody clades successfully move di nto freezingprone environments by either possessing transport networks of small

1,221 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review considers the question "How is the length of a leaf's life span related to environmental factors?" and what are the comparative advantages of the evergreen and deciduous habits and how can adaptive differences be related to distributional patterns and climatic gradients.
Abstract: The adaptive significance of leaf life spans has been examined from several different points of view. Evergreenness has been explained in terms of nutrient conservation (86), improving carbon balance (90), and as a general adaptation to environmental stress (47). In this review, we consider these theories and attempt to synthesize divergent viewpoints. We consider the question "How is the length of a leaf's life span related to environmental factors?" In particular, what are the comparative advantages of the evergreen and deciduous habits and how can adaptive differences be related to distributional patterns and climatic gradients?

1,208 citations