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Isadore Pilot

Bio: Isadore Pilot is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Pandemic. The author has an hindex of 5, co-authored 5 publications receiving 192 citations.

Papers
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Journal Article
TL;DR: Following the reports of a rapidly spreading and highly fatal pandemic of influenza and pneumonia in the Eastern States, and while the epidemic of influenza was raging at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station, a severe outbreak of this disease appeared among the civil population of Chicago, more than 2,000 patients were admitted to the wards of Cook County Hospital.
Abstract: Following the reports of a rapidly spreading and highly fatal pandemic of influenza and pneumonia in the Eastern States, and while the epidemic of influenza was raging at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station, a severe outbreak of this disease appeared among the civil population of Chicago. During the past five weeks, from September 23 to October 29, more than 2,000 patients were admitted to the wards of Cook County Hospital. Of these, 642 died, a mortality of 31 per cent. . . . The age period of highest mortality falls between 25 and 30 years.

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
09 Nov 1918-JAMA
TL;DR: In the past five weeks, from September 23 to October 29, more than 2,000 patients were admitted to the wards of Cook County Hospital, of these, 642 died, a mortality of 31 per cent as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Following the reports of a rapidly spreading and highly fatal pandemic of influenza and pneumonia in the Eastern States, and while the epidemic of influenza was raging at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station, a severe outbreak of this disease appeared among the civil population of Chicago. During the past five weeks, from September 23 to October 29, more than 2,000 patients were admitted to the wards of Cook County Hospital. Of these, 642 died, a mortality of 31 per cent. In the accompanying chart, of the first 500 deaths, it will be noted that the age period of highest mortality falls between 25 and 30 years. Among the total number of admissions during this period there were 122 soldiers, and thus far twenty-one cases have terminated fatally—a mortality of 16 per cent. So far as the admissions to a large charity institution, such as the Cook County Hospital, may

77 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
16 Sep 1922-JAMA
TL;DR: This paper will attempt to furnish a background for a discussion of infections of a putrid and gangrenous character for which these organisms appear to be commonly responsible, and present data concerning their more common normal habitats about the body.
Abstract: The association of these two organisms in the body has been noted by many observers in connection with both normal and diseased states. Many points, however, remain obscure, and the literature on the subject is scattered and more or less confusing. The relation of the bacillus to the spirochete is a subject about which differences of opinion exist. We will not discuss their identity or nonidentity here, assuming, however, their almost invariable association in certain localities and in certain processes. In this paper, we will attempt to furnish a background for a discussion of infections of a putrid and gangrenous character for which these organisms appear to be commonly responsible. In doing so, we shall first present data concerning their more common normal habitats about the body, a subject to which little attention has been given. Later, we shall discuss a number of disease processes with which they are intimately

27 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Sep 1927-JAMA
TL;DR: In the work of testing the staphylococcus filtrates, the methods that were used on man by the Dicks with streptococcus toxin were employed, which varied considerably in potency.
Abstract: Following the demonstration of an exotoxin by the Dicks1from strains of hemolytic streptococci isolated from scarlet fever, Parker2reported similar toxic substances in sterile filtrates of certain strains ofStaphylococcus aureus. In her work the skin reactions were observed in rabbits. These reactions were neutralized by the serums of rabbits immunized intradermally with the exotoxin. In our work of testing the staphylococcus filtrates we employed the methods that were used on man by the Dicks1with streptococcus toxin. Freshly isolated strains ofStaphylococcus aureuswere obtained from various lesions, such as furuncles, carbuncles, abscesses of the breast and kidney, and from fatal cases of staphylococcus septic pyemia. They produced typical pigment, and on blood agar 50 per cent of the strains caused hemolysis. Both hemolytic and nonhemolytic strains produced potent toxins in the filtrates. All strains tested yielded exotoxin, which, however, varied considerably in potency. The

9 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is quite evident that tonsillectomy reduces considerably the frequency of Streptococcus hemolyticus.
Abstract: It was noted previously by Pilot and Davis 1 that the incidence of hemolytic streptococci was less in the oropharynx of tonsillectomized that in the nontonsillectomized, the organisms occurring in 15.8% in few numbers in the former group as compared with 58% in larger numbers in the latter group. Nichols and Bryan 2 reported the disappearance of these organisms from the throat in 27 of 31 patients 11 days after extirpation of diseased tonsils. Simmons and Taylor 3 noted the streptococci in fewer numbers in a somewhat larger percentage (23%) after tonsillectomy. Tongs4 found these streptococci in 5% of tonsillectomized persons as compared with 60% of the cultures of the surface of the tonsils of the nontonsillectomized. Van Dyke 5 obtained positive cultures in 16.4% of tonsillectomized persons, mostly adults. In all of these investigations cultures were made of the pharynx or the region of the tonsils, and studied with special reference to the incidence and numbers of hemolytic streptococci. In all it is quite evident that tonsillectomy reduces considerably the frequency of Streptococcus hemolyticus. As no nasopharyngeal cultures were made, a study was undertaken of the flora of the nasopharynx with reference to the pneumococcus and the influenza bacillus, as well as the hemolytic streptococcus in children whose tonsils and adenoids had been removed, and a comparison made with a similar group in which tonsils and adenoids were present. The investigation was carried out from September to December, 1920.

5 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: If severe pandemic influenza is largely a problem of viral-bacterial copathogenesis, pandemic planning needs to go beyond addressing the viral cause alone (e.g., influenza vaccines and antiviral drugs).
Abstract: Background Despite the availability of published data on 4 pandemics that have occurred over the past 120 years, there is little modern information on the causes of death associated with influenza pandemics.

1,448 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
21 Apr 2010-JAMA
TL;DR: Pregnant women had a disproportionately high risk of mortality due to 2009 influenza A(H1N1), and early antiviral treatment appeared to be associated with fewer admissions to an ICU and fewer deaths.
Abstract: Context Early data on pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) suggest pregnant women are at increased risk of hospitalization and death. Objective To describe the severity of 2009 influenza A(H1N1) illness and the association with early antiviral treatment among pregnant women in the United States. Design, Setting, and Patients Surveillance of 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in pregnant women reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) with symptom onset from April through December 2009. Main Outcome Measures Severity of illness (hospitalizations, intensive care unit [ICU] admissions, and deaths) due to 2009 influenza A(H1N1) among pregnant women, stratified by timing of antiviral treatment and pregnancy trimester at symptom onset. Results We received reports on 788 pregnant women in the United States with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) with symptom onset from April through August 2009. Among those, 30 died (5% of all reported 2009 influenza A[H1N1] influenza deaths in this period). Among 509 hospitalized women, 115 (22.6%) were admitted to an ICU. Pregnant women with treatment more than 4 days after symptom onset were more likely to be admitted to an ICU (56.9% vs 9.4%; relative risk [RR], 6.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5-10.6) than those treated within 2 days after symptom onset. Only 1 death occurred in a patient who received treatment within 2 days of symptom onset. Updating these data with the CDC's continued surveillance of ICU admissions and deaths among pregnant women with symptom onset through December 31, 2009, identified an additional 165 women for a total of 280 women who were admitted to ICUs, 56 of whom died. Among the deaths, 4 occurred in the first trimester (7.1%), 15 in the second (26.8%), and 36 in the third (64.3%); Conclusions Pregnant women had a disproportionately high risk of mortality due to 2009 influenza A(H1N1). Among pregnant women with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) influenza reported to the CDC, early antiviral treatment appeared to be associated with fewer admissions to an ICU and fewer deaths.

863 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The major viral infections relevant to pregnancy are reviewed and potential mechanisms for the associated adverse pregnancy outcomes are offered.
Abstract: Viral infections during pregnancy have long been considered benign conditions with a few notable exceptions, such as herpes virus. The recent Ebola outbreak and other viral epidemics and pandemics show how pregnant women suffer worse outcomes (such as preterm labor and adverse fetal outcomes) than the general population and non-pregnant women. New knowledge about the ways the maternal-fetal interface and placenta interact with the maternal immune system may explain these findings. Once thought to be 'immunosuppressed', the pregnant woman actually undergoes an immunological transformation, where the immune system is necessary to promote and support the pregnancy and growing fetus. When this protection is breached, as in a viral infection, this security is weakened and infection with other microorganisms can then propagate and lead to outcomes, such as preterm labor. In this manuscript, we review the major viral infections relevant to pregnancy and offer potential mechanisms for the associated adverse pregnancy outcomes.

382 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is strong and consistent evidence of epidemiologically and clinically important interactions between influenza and secondary bacterial respiratory pathogens, including during the 1918 pandemic, which prompted major focuses of pandemic-related research, prevention, and response planning.
Abstract: It is commonly believed that the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the next influenza pandemic will mimic those of the 1918 pandemic. Determinative beliefs regarding the 1918 pandemic include that infections were expressed as primary viral pneumonias and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome, that pandemic-related deaths were the end states of the natural progression of disease caused by the pandemic strain, and that bacterial superinfections caused relatively fewer deaths in 1918 than in subsequent pandemics. In turn, response plans are focused on developing and/or increasing inventories of a strain-specific vaccine, antivirals, intensive care beds, mechanical ventilators, and so on. Yet, there is strong and consistent evidence of epidemiologically and clinically important interactions between influenza and secondary bacterial respiratory pathogens, including during the 1918 pandemic. Countermeasures (eg, vaccination against pneumococcal and meningococcal disease before a pandemic; mass uses of antibiotic(s) with broad spectrums of activity against common bacterial respiratory pathogens during local epidemics) designed to prevent or mitigate the effects of influenza-bacterial interactions should be major focuses of pandemic-related research, prevention, and response planning.

357 citations