In his Preface the author' says that he started out to review all the more important theories upon the topics ordinarily discussed under human motivation but soon found himself more and more limited to the presentation of his own point of view. This very well characterizes the book. It is a very personal product. It is an outline with some defense of the author's own thinking about instincts and appetites and sentiments and how they function in human behavior. And as the author draws so heavily upon James and McDougall, especially the latter, the book may well be looked upon as a sort of sequel to their efforts. There is a thought-provoking distinction presented between instinct and appetite. An instinct is said to be aroused always by something in the external situation; and, correspondingly, an appetite is said to be aroused by sensations from within the body itself. This places, of course, a heavy emphasis upon the cognitive factor in all instinctive behaviors; and the author prefers to use the cognitive factor, especially the knowledge of that end-experience which will satisfy, as a means of differentiating one instinct from another. In this there is a recognized difference from McDougall who placed more emphasis for differentiation upon the emotional accompaniment. The list of instincts arrived at by this procedure is much like that of McDougall, although the author is forced by his criteria to present the possibility of food-seeking and sex and sleep operating both in the manner of an appetite and also as an instinct. The Shand-McDougall concept of sentiment is taken over and used in the explanation of moral motivation. There is the development within each personality of a sentiment for some moral principle. But this sentiment is not a very powerful motivating factor. It is reinforced by social pressures and by religion, which is treated as an effort of finite man to live in harmony with the infinite reality. Those whose psychological thinking is largely in terms of McDougall will doubtless find this volume a very satisfying expansion; but those who are at all inclined to support their psychological thinking by reference to experimental studies will not be so well pleased. The James-Lange theory, for example, is discussed without mention of the many experimental studies which it has provoked. Theoretical sources appear in general to be preferred to experimental investigations.

Human MotivationThe Mind in Action: A Study of Motives and Values. A. Campbell Garnett

The research on entrepreneurship education�entrepreneurial intentions has yielded mixed results. We meta-analyzed 73 studies with a total sample size of 37,285 individuals and found a significant but a small correlation between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions (inline image). This correlation is also greater than that of business education and entrepreneurial intentions. However, after controlling for pre-education entrepreneurial intentions, the relationship between entrepreneurship education and post-education entrepreneurial intentions was not significant. We also analyzed moderators, such as the attributes of entrepreneurship education, students' differences, and cultural values. Our results have implications for entrepreneurship education scholars, program evaluators, and policy makers.

The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta-Analytic Review

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/190723/1/1023109352.pdf

Exploring entrepreneurial readiness of youth and startup success components: Entrepreneurship training as a moderator

The importance of entrepreneurship to a nation development is unneglectable Malaysian government has carried out various supporting activities to promote entrepreneurial activities in the country However, the results were less embracing, especially among the young adults As such, understanding of what influence young adults’ intention towards entrepreneurship is important in the effort of entrepreneurship development This study was carried out to address the university students’ level of entrepreneurial intention and the influence of individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) on entrepreneurial intention A questionnaire survey was conducted on 176 undergraduate students from a public university with “entrepreneurial university” status The results indicated that university students demonstrated intention towards entrepreneurship and were quite positive towards becoming entrepreneurs In addition, university students’ entrepreneurial intention was found to be positively affected by their quality of proactiveness and innovativeness However, risk-taking ability was not an influential factor on entrepreneurial intention Theoretically, this paper confirmed the importance of studying EO at the individual level Practically, it suggested that higher learning institutions should pay careful attention in designing their entrepreneurship education curriculum Specifically, the entrepreneurship training should focus on enhancing students IEO ability and increasing their entrepreneurial intention Recommendations for future researchers have also been put forth at the end of this paper

/pdf/the-relationship-between-individual-entrepreneurial-16smza9f80.pdf

The relationship between Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) and entrepreneurial intention

Article history: Received October 28, 2015 Received in revised format November 28, 2015 Accepted January 17, 2016 Available online January 20, 2016 For decades, entrepreneurship has become a major concern to both scholars and policymakers because of its significant role in economic and social transformation. This paper modeled the direct effects of entrepreneurial skill, environmental factors and entrepreneurial orientation on entrepreneurial intention as well as the indirect (moderating) effect of entrepreneurial orientation on the relationship of entrepreneurial skill and environmental factors with entrepreneurial intention. Quantitative research design was employed using students’ sample. It was found that entrepreneurial skill, environmental factors and entrepreneurial orientation have a positive influence on entrepreneurial intention. It was also discovered that entrepreneurial orientation moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial skill and entrepreneurial intention. However, the moderation effect of entrepreneurial orientation on the relationship between environmental factors and entrepreneurial intention was not established in this study, thus, called for exploring this moderating effect in other contexts. As implication to policy, the government should ensure not only enriching students with entrepreneurial skill and conducive entrepreneurial environment but also well-built entrepreneurial orientation among Nigeria teeming youths as it has a direct effect as well as strong interaction with other factors in explaining entrepreneurial intention.

/pdf/moderating-role-of-entrepreneurial-orientation-on-the-62k8f0dr7i.pdf

Moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills, environmental factors and entrepreneurial intention: A PLS approach

Women play a crucial role in the economic development of their families and communities but certain
obstacles such as poverty, unemployment, low household income and societal discriminations mostly in
developing countries have hindered their effective performance of that role. As such, most of them embark on
entrepreneurial activities to support their families. It is discovered that women entrepreneurship could be an
effective strategy for poverty reduction in a country; since women are the worst hit in such situation.
However, it is discovered that women entrepreneurs, especially in developing countries, do not have easy
access to microfinance factors for their entrepreneurial activity and as such have low business performance
than their men counterparts, whereas the rate of their participation in the informal sector of the economy is
higher than males, and microfinance factors could have positive effect on enterprise performance. The
objective of this study is to examine the effect of credit, savings, training and social capital on women
entrepreneurs’ performance in Nigeria. The study involves a survey using structured questionnaire and an indepth
interview to solicit responses from women entrepreneurs, and secondary data from microfinance
institutions. Data analysis involves the use of Structural Equation Modelling.

/pdf/the-effect-of-microfinance-factors-on-women-entrepreneurs-3qmqlqvvqq.pdf

The effect of microfinance factors on women entrepreneurs’ performance in Nigeria: a conceptual framework

The objective of this study was to examine the moderating effect of social environment on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intentions of undergraduate female students of Nigerian Universities. Female students were chosen because they are more susceptible to social pressures. One of the hypotheses was to test whether social environment moderates the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on entrepreneurial intentions. A quantitative research method (survey) was used to solicit responses from 120 final year undergraduate female students of three University Business Schools in the North, East and West regions of Nigeria. This method was used because Universities in Nigeria offer similar courses and the respondents, according to previous studies in other contexts, show a higher propensity to firm formation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical regression. The results indicated that entrepreneurial orientation (self-efficacy and education) had significant positive influence on entrepreneurial intention among female business students in Nigeria. It was also found that social environment (friends’ agreement) moderated the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (education) and entrepreneurial intentions among the students. Again, the study contributed to the scant literature on entrepreneurial intentions among people in developing countries especially Nigeria. Therefore, the government should focus on ways to encourage entrepreneurship awareness among university students in Nigeria to enhance entrepreneurial intentions and self-employment. The study was limited to female students. Future studies could compare the entrepreneurial intentions of male and female students.

The Moderating Effect of Social Environment on the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Entrepreneurial Intentions of Female Students at

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of individual attributes and business environment factors on the entrepreneurial activity of women entrepreneurs. Individual attributes such as education, working experience, attitude towards risk-taking, affect women entrepreneurial activity. Economic constraints such as lack of credit due to lack of asset collaterals and socio-cultural barriers, lack of savings due to low household income, and lack of labour skills due to low educational level also affect women entrepreneurial activity. The effect of these factors on entrepreneurial activity is worth studying because entrepreneurship development is considered a vital link to an overall economic growth of a nation through its positive impact on economic development especially at the grassroots. However, limited studies have reviewed literatures on individual attributes and business environment factors on the entrepreneurial activity of women entrepreneurs. This is the focus of this study. Methodology: The paper is a descriptive study that reviews literature on individual attributes and environment factors on women entrepreneurial activity. Conclusion: The paper concludes that environment factors exert much more influence on women entrepreneurial activity than individual attributes. Research limitation: The paper is limited to a literature review that may need further research by using a framework to investigate the factors on entrepreneurial activity. Practical implication: It shows the need for the government to support entrepreneurs through adequate provision of micro-finance.

/pdf/attributes-environment-factors-and-women-entrepreneurial-25hyx72u27.pdf

Attributes, Environment Factors and Women Entrepreneurial Activity: A Literature Review

The objective of this study was to examine the moderating effect of social environment on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intentions of undergraduate female students of Nigerian Universities. Female students were chosen because they are more susceptible to social pressures.One of the hypotheses was to test whether social environment moderates the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on entrepreneurial intentions.
A quantitative research method (survey) was used to solicit responses from 120 final year undergraduate female students of three University Business Schools in the North, East and West regions of Nigeria.This method was used because Universities in Nigeria offer similar courses and the respondents, according to previous studies in other contexts, show a higher propensity to firm formation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical regression. The results indicated that entrepreneurial orientation (self-efficacy and education) had significant positive influence on entrepreneurial intention among female business students in Nigeria. It was also found that social environment (friends’ agreement) moderated the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (education) and entrepreneurial intentions among the students.Again, the study contributed to the scant literature on entrepreneurial intentions among people in developing countries especially Nigeria. Therefore, the government should focus on ways to encourage entrepreneurship awareness among university students in Nigeria to enhance entrepreneurial intentions and self-employment. The study was limited to female students. Future studies could compare the entrepreneurial intentions of male and female students.

/pdf/the-moderating-effect-of-social-environment-on-the-2k0c25fojb.pdf

The moderating effect of social environment on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intentions of female students at Nigerian universities

This article reports on a study that examined the effect of key entrepreneurial traits on the performance of micro-enterprises owned and managed by Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) women micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia. This study adopted a cross-sectional design and a quantitative approach, and collected data from 407 micro-entrepreneurs. The study findings revealed that an ability to identify and tap into entrepreneurial opportunity is the key entrepreneurial trait that has a significant positive effect on the performance of micro-enterprises. AIM should therefore focus on designing enterprise development training programmes to improve entrepreneurs’ ability to identify and tap into entrepreneurial opportunity.

Isidore Ekpe

Papers

The effect of microfinance factors on women entrepreneurs’ performance in Nigeria: a conceptual framework

The Moderating Effect of Social Environment on the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Entrepreneurial Intentions of Female Students at

Attributes, Environment Factors and Women Entrepreneurial Activity: A Literature Review

The moderating effect of social environment on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intentions of female students at Nigerian universities

Entrepreneurial traits and micro-enterprise performance: a study among women micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia