Ismail Hussain Ali

Bio: Ismail Hussain Ali is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Breeding program & Heterosis. The author has an hindex of 2, co-authored 3 publications receiving 37 citations.

Heritability, variability, genetic correlation and path analysis for quantitative traits in durum and bread wheat under dry farming conditions

Abstract: Two field experiments were carried out during the 2009-2010 growing season at the station of Directorate of Agricultural Researches/Erbil under dry farming conditions. The first experiment included 25 strains of durum wheat, and the second included 20 strains of bread wheat. Growth trait, yield and its components were studied, and then data are entered in the statistical genetic analysis, as well as the path coefficient analysis. The results showed high genetic variation, heritability and genetic advance for plant height, number of spikes, 1000 grain weight, biological yield and grain yield in durum wheat. While it was high in all traits in bread wheat. The grain yield was correlated genetically positive and significantly with 1000 grain weight, biological yield and harvest index in durum wheat, while showed genetically positive and significant correlation with all traits in bread wheat. The path coefficient analysis revealed that harvest index and biological yield had the maximum positive direct effects on grain yield in durum wheat reached 0.966 and 0.242, respectively. While the harvest index had the maximum positive direct effect (1.417) on grain yield in bread wheat, which was used as a criterion for the selection of superior genotypes in each group. INTRODUCTION The grain yield is a complex traits which is influenced by many factors, would be plant breeders interested to know the nature of the relationship and the kind between these traits, especially under dry farming conditions, where the water is the main limiting factor in many areas of wheat production around the world due to uneven rainfall distribution during the growing season, so it is important that characterized cultivars cultivated in these areas in the superior performance of grain yield and its components under the limited and non-limited of moisture conditions (Okuyama et al., 2004). Grain yield is the result of many developmental and physiological events that occur during the life cycle of the plant, and grain yield is determined by three main components; the number of spikes/plant, number of grain/spike and weight of grains (Poehlman, 1987). Hochman (1982) and McMaster et al. (1984) referred that the influence of each one of these components on the product of grain depends on the stage of growth that occurs due to water deficit. At elongation stage, the inadequate availability of water or rain affect on the components of grain yield by increasing the number of spikes/plant, grains/spike, and weight of grains/plant, while leading to increased weight of grains during the grain filling stage (McMaster et al.,1984). Simane et al. (1993) reported high correlation between the number of grains/spike and grain yield along the span of Recived 15/3/2011 accepted 10 / 10 /2011. Vol. ( 40 ) No.( 4 )2012 ISSN: 2224-9796 (Online) Mesoptamia J. of Agri ISSN: 1815 – 316 X (Print) 28 water stress.The wheat plants are more sensitive to water stress between the two phases (booting stage) and (grain filling) as compared to all other periods (Fisher et al., 1977 and Hochman, 1982). On the other hand, avoiding of wheat plants to water stress during the tillering and elongation stages is more important than the flowering and grain filling stages (Thompson and Chase, 1992). The breeding program for higher yield depends on the estimation of genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and the correlations between yield and its components, but it is not sufficient to understand the importance of each one of these components in determining the grain yield (Dewey and Lu, 1959). Path analysis is a standarized partial regression coefficient that measures the direct influence of one variable upon another, it also provides a means of partitioning both direct and indirect effects and effectively measuring the relative importance of causal factors, which, helps to build an effectively selection program. Using this method (Kumar and Hunshal, 1998) observed that the harvest index, biomass yield, spikes/plant and grains/spike had most important direct effects on the grain yield. Under the water deficit conditions, but a long period of grain filling Simane et al.(1998) found high correlation between drought tolerance and spikes/m 2 and grains/spike. Yagdi (2009) found that the 1000 grain weight have high direct effect on grain yield. This research aims to estimates heritability, genetic variation and genetic correlation between different quantitative traits in a number of strains selected from durum and bread wheat, and then to identify the most important traits of a direct effect on the grain yield to be adopted as a criterion for selection. MATEREALS AND METHODES Two field experiments were carried out separated during the season 20092010 at the research station of the Directorate of Agricultural Research in the area of Ainkawa in Erbil/Kurdistan region of Iraq under the circumstances amounted to rain (315 mm) with good distribution depend on meteorological in the search site. The first experiment included 25 advanced strains of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), and second included 20 advanced strains of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Table, 1) was originally selected (on the basis of phenotypic characteristics and grain yield in the nursery of the observations had been planted during the season 2008-2009) of 57 and 67 advanced strain of two types, respectively. Each experiment was carried out according to randomized complete block design with three replicates and each experimental unit included a one row of each one of genotype. The grains were dibbled in rows (using 120 kg/ha seeding rate) keeping between row distances at 20 cm. Single row of 2.5 m length served as an experimental unit. Conducted service operations of soil and crop, and when plants reached the flowering stage, were recorded the flag leaf area of mother shoot according to formula (leaf length × width × 0.95) (Thomas, 1975), and at maturity data were recorded for plant height (cm), then harvested plants of each line as a whole to calculate biomass yield (t/ha), grain yield (t/ha), harvest index, spike Genetic statistical analysis for all the traits studied were computed, then the estimates of genetic variation, heritability and coefficints of genetic correlation between traits were done by the components of expected mean squares from Vol. ( 40 ) No.( 4 )2012 ISSN: 2224-9796 (Online) Mesoptamia J. of Agri ISSN: 1815 – 316 X (Print) 29 Table (1): Pedigree of durum and bread wheat strains used in the study. length (cm) and the components of grain yield [number of spikes/m 2 , number of grains/spike and 1000 grain weight (g)]. Durum wheat No. I g crop pop type Selection 1 114239 ICDW UM ICD86-0471-ABL-0TR-8AP-0TR-20AP-0TR 2 114251 ICDW UM ICD85-1340-ABL-6AP-0TR 3 114262 ICDW UM ICD85-0641-ABL-6AP-0TR-2AP-0TR-4AP-0TR 4 114293 ICDW UM ICD84-0322-7AP-TR-20AP-0TR 5 114300 ICDW UM ICD83-0050-4AP-14AP-TR-3AP-0TR 6 114322 ICDW UM ICD78-0064-19AP-4AP-1AP-1AP-1AP-0SH 7 114326 ICDW UM ICD-BM-ABL-413-0AP 8 114347 ICDW UM CD 523-3Y-1Y-2M-0Y 9 114385 ICDW UM 12938-5L-1AP-1AP-4AP-0AP 1

Genetic analysis in durum wheat using griffing and hayman’s approach under stress and non-stress water

Abstract: A full-diallel cross of five durum wheat genotypes[Simeto (1), Ofanto (2), Acsad 65 (3), Miman-9 (4) and CRAK-10 (5)] was made in the growing season 2010-2011 at the Research Field of the College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University in Erbil, Iraq. Grains of 20 F1s and their five parents were planted on 15 November 2011 in two separate experiments, rainfall (stress) and irrigated (nonstress) using a randomized complete block design with three replications in order to study the genetic properties of days to flowering, plant height, flag leaf area, spike length, no. of spikes/plant, no. of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, biomass yield/plant, grain yield/plant and harvest index by using Griffing, Hayman and Jinks-Hayman approaches. The results revealed that some parents exhibited positive and high general combining ability, while some hybrids showed specific combining ability for the majority of these traits. Important role of additive genetic component (D) was found for days to flowering, flag leaf area spike length, no. of spikes/plant, no. of grains/spike and biomass yield/plant under stress conditions and days to flowering, spike length, no. of spikes/plant, 1000-grain weight, biomass yield/plant, grain yield/plant and harvest index under non-stress conditions.The non-additive component (H1) was found to be important for the genetic control of all the traits under stress and non-stress conditions excluding grain yield/plant under stress conditions. The average degree of dominance (H1/D) 1⁄2 was>1 for all traits in both cases. The narrow sense heritability Hn.s .was low for flag leaf area, moderate for no. of grains/spike and 1000-grain weight, high for remaining traits under stress conditions. While low for no. of grains/spike, moderate for days to flowering, flag leaf area and grain yield/plant, high for remaining traits under non-stress conditions.Under stress conditions high heterosis was exhibited by cross [1×4] for most traitswhile by cross [5×3]under non-stress conditions.It could be concluded that generated of these genotypes will serve for the breeders to develop high yielding of durum wheat under water stress und non-stress conditions by employing individual or mass selection breeding.

Field performance and physiological growth of four hybrids derived from the sixth generation of durum wheat

Abstract: This study was carried out in the field of College of Agriculture - University of Salahaddin in Erbil during the season 2009 - 2010 including the evaluation of four hybrids derived from diallel crosses among seven varieties of durum wheat, previously assessed on the basis of combining ability and heterosis of them. The breeding program continued until these hybrids reached the sixth generation, and were compared with three other varieties, two of them cultivated on a large scale. Fifteen traits were studied, including different growth, physiological characters and grain yield and its components. The hybrid (Acsad- 65 × Kosem- N) has been selected to continue its breeding in order to adopt a new variety based on its performance superior in most of the studied traits, especially in the productivity score and grain yield and in traits that are showed positive correlation with the grain yield like leaf area index, net assimilation rate, spike length, 1000-grain weight and spikes/m 2 , which had the greatest effect in the prediction of grain yield according to

An Introduction to Genetic Statistics

Abstract: A reviewer for the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society of England comments \"This is the first book covering in one volume all important topics in genetical statistics.\" Written to provide basic probability ideas in terms of genetic situations, since the theory of genetics is a probability theory; to give a definitive treatment of applications of these ideas to genetic theory; and to describe statistical methods appropriate to the data models that are developed.

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in Wheat

Abstract: To understand the association of yield and yield attributes and their contribution to each other, 179 genotypes including four check varieties were evaluated in an Augmented Block Design with 18 blocks. Each block (excepting one block) contained 10 test genotypes and 4 check genotypes. The data on five random selected plants of each genotype were recorded on 14 quantitative characters, including grain yield and its component characters. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was high for most of the characters, especially, the biological yield per plant, tillers per plant, plant height and grain yield. Correlation coefficient analysis revealed that nine characters namely, biological yield per plant, tiller number per plant, grain weight per ear, grains per ear, harvest index, spikelets per spike, plant height, flag leaf area and flag leaf sheath length showed significant and positive correlation with grain yield. Path coefficient analyses revealed that biological yield followed by harvest index and grains per ear were the only traits that showed highest positive direct effects towards grain yield.

Correlation and path coefficient studies of yield and yield associated traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes

Abstract: Sixty four wheatgenotypes were tested in 8x8 simple lattice design at Ginchi, West Shewa in 2012/13 cropping season,.The overall objective was to study the to assess the association among yield and yield contributing traits and identify traits those have the most direct and indirect effects on grain yield.. Analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among the sixty four genotypes for all the characters studied.Grain yield had positive correlation with grain filling period, number of productive tillers per plant, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of kernels per spike, , 1000 kernel weight, biomass yield per plot, hectoliter weight and harvest index at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis showed that biological yield, thousand kernel weight, harvest index and number of kernels per spike showed positive direct effect. Among these characters biological yield, thousand kernel weight, harvest index and number of kernels per spike had positive correlation with grain yield in the process of selection much attention should be given to them as these characters are helpful for indirect selection.

Correlation and path analysis in yield and yield components in spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under irrigated condition in Southern India.

Abstract: Twelve elite bread wheat genotypes comprising of six lines (females) and six testers (males) were crossed in an L × T fashion to study correlation between yield and yield-components. The genotypic as well as phenotypic correlation between grain yield and other yield components such as number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike, total biomass per plant, harvest index and 1000 kernel weight were highly significant. Path analysis indicated that biomass, harvest index, days to flowering and plant height imparted significant direct influence on grain yield. The remaining traits affected grain yield rather indirectly, mainly through impact on total biomass production. About 94% of the variability in the grain yield was determined by the component traits indicating the presence of perfect matching between the component traits and the grain yield; hence, can be used as selection indices for yield improvement. Key words: Characters, correlation, direct and indirect effects, grain yield.

Correlation between Traits and Path Analysis Coefficient for Grain Yield and Other Quantitative Traits in Bread Wheat under Semi Arid Conditions

Abstract: Current research was conducted out at the Field Crop Institute-Agricultural Experimental Station of Setif (Algeria) during 2010/11 and 2011/12 crop seasons. The objectives were to determine traits affecting grain yield in 29 bread wheat genotypes and to establish the nature of relation between grain yield and yield components by partitioning the correlation coefficients between grain yield and its components into direct and indirect effects by using simple correlation, stepwise regression and path analysis. The obtained results indicated that grain yield was positively correlated to biological yield, straw yield and number of spike per plant. The results of step by step regression showed that traits including biological yield and harvest index had justified approximately 99. 7% of grain yield variations. In the path coefficient analysis, biological yield and harvest index should be considered as the main yield components because these traits showed a positive direct effects towards increasing grain yield with the values of + 1.051 and + 0.364, respectively. Depending on the findings of this study, biological yield and harvest index may be used an effective selection criterion to improve genetic yield potential of bread wheat genotypes.