Israel Wygnanski

Bio: Israel Wygnanski is an academic researcher from University of Arizona. The author has contributed to research in topics: Turbulence & Boundary layer. The author has an hindex of 55, co-authored 237 publications receiving 13890 citations. Previous affiliations of Israel Wygnanski include Technion – Israel Institute of Technology & McGill University.

Some measurements in the self preserving jet

Abstract: The axisymmetric turbulent incompressible and isothermal jet was investigated by use of linearized constant-temperature hot-wire anemometers. It was established that the jet was truly self-preserving some 70 diameters downstream of the nozzle and most of the measurements were made in excess of this distance. The quantities measured include mean velocity, turbulence stresses, intermittency, skewness and flatness factors, correlations, scales, low-frequency spectra and convection velocity. The r.m.s. values of the various velocity fluctuations differ from those measured previously as a result of lack of self-preservation and insufficient frequency range in the instrumentation of the previous investigations. It appears that Taylor's hypothesis is not applicable to this flow, but the use of convection velocity of the appropriate scale for the transformation from temporal to spatial quantities appears appropriate. The energy balance was calculated from the various measured quantities and the result is quite different from the recent measurements of Sami (1967), which were obtained twenty diameters downstream from the nozzle. In light of these measurements some previous hypotheses about the turbulent structure and the transport phenomena are discussed. Some of the quantities were obtained by two or more different methods, and their relative merits and accuracy are assessed.

Delay of Airfoil Stall by Periodic Excitation

Abstract: It was recently demonstrated that oscillatory blowing can delay separation from a symmetrical airfoil much more effectively than the steady blowing used traditionally for this purpose. Experiments carried out on different airfoils revealed that this flow depends on many parameters such as, the location of the blowing slot, the steady and oscillatory momentum coefficients of the jet, the frequency of imposed oscillations, and the shape and incidence of the particular airfoil. In airfoils equipped with slotted flaps, the flow is also dependent on the geometry of the slot and on the Reynolds number in addition to the flap deflection that is considered as a part of the airfoil shape. The incremental improvements in single element airfoil characteristics are generally insensitive to a change in Reynolds number, provided the latter is sufficiently large. The imposed oscillations do not generate large oscillatory lift nor do they cause a periodic meander of the c.p. C* C D = dp Ct =

The forced mixing layer between parallel streams

Abstract: The effect of periodic two-dimensional excitation on the development of a turbulent mixing region was studied experimentally. Controlled oscillations of variable ampli- tude and frequency were applied at the initiation of mixing between two parallel air streams. The frequency of forcing was at least an order of magnitude lower than the initial instability frequency of the flow in order to test its effect far downstream. The effect of the velocity difference between the streams was also investigated in this experiment. A typical Reynolds number based on the velocity difference and the momentum thickness of the shear layer was l04.It was determined that the spreading rate of the mixing layer is sensitive to periodic surging even if the latter is so small that it does not contribute to the initial energy of the fluctuations. Oscillations at very small amplitudes tend to increase the spreading rate of the flow by enhancing the amalgamation of neighbouring eddies, but at higher amplitudes the flow resonates with the imposed oscillation. The resonance region can extend over a significant fraction of the test section depending on the Strouhal number and a dimensionless velocity-difference parameter. The flow in the resonance region consists of a single array of large, quasi-two-dimensional vortex lumps, which do not interact with one another. The exponential shape of the mean-velocity distribution is not affected in this region, but the spreading rate of the flow with increasing distance downstream is inhibited. The Reynolds stress in this region changes sign, indicating that energy is extracted from the turbulence to the mean motion; the intensity of the spanwise fluctuations is also reduced, suggesting that the flow tends to become more two-dimensional.Amalgamation of large coherent eddies is resumed beyond the resonance region, but the flow is not universally similar. There are many indications suggesting that the large eddies in the turbulent mixing layer at fairly large Re are governed by an inviscid instability.

The two-dimensional mixing region

Abstract: The two-dimensional incompressible mixing layer was investigated by using constant-temperature, linearized hot wire anemometers. The measurements were divided into three categories: (1) the conventional average measurements; (2) time-average measurements in the turbulent and the non-turbulent zones; (3) ensemble average measurements conditioned to a specific location of the interface. The turbulent energy balance was constructed twice, once using the conventional results and again using the turbulent zone results. Some differences emerged between the two sets of results. It appears that the mixing region can be divided into two regions, one on the high velocity side which resembles the outer part of a wake and the other on the low velocity side which resembles a jet. The binding turbulent–non-turbulent interfaces seem to move independently of each other. There is a strong connexion between the instantaneous location of the interface and the axial velocity profile. Indeed the well known exponential mean velocity profile never actually exists at any given instant. In spite of the complexity of the flow the simple concepts of eddy viscosity and eddy diffusivity appear to be valid within the turbulent zone.

On density effects and large structure in turbulent mixing layers

Abstract: Plane turbulent mixing between two streams of different gases (especially nitrogen and helium) was studied in a novel apparatus Spark shadow pictures showed that, for all ratios of densities in the two streams, the mixing layer is dominated by large coherent structures High-speed movies showed that these convect at nearly constant speed, and increase their size and spacing discontinuously by amalgamation with neighbouring ones The pictures and measurements of density fluctuations suggest that turbulent mixing and entrainment is a process of entanglement on the scale of the large structures; some statistical properties of the latter are used to obtain an estimate of entrainment rates Large changes of the density ratio across the mixing layer were found to have a relatively small effect on the spreading angle; it is concluded that the strong effects, which are observed when one stream is supersonic, are due to compressibility effects, not density effects, as has been generally supposed

ZONAL TWO EQUATION k-w TURBULENCE MODELS FOR AERODYNAMIC FLOWS

Abstract: Two new versions of the k - w two-equation turbulence model will be presented. The new Baseline (BSL) model is designed to give results similar to those of the original k - w model of Wilcox. but without its strong dependency on arbitrary freestream values. The BSL model is identical to the Wilcox model in the inner SOC7£; of the boundary-layer but changes gradually to the standard k - f. model (in a k - w fonnulation) towards the boundary-layer edge. The new model is also virtually identical to the k - f. model for free shear layers. The second version of the model is called Shear-Stress Transport (SSn model. It is a variation of the BSL model with the additional ability to account for the transport of the principal turbulent shear stress in adverse pressure gradient boundary-layers. The model is based on Bradshaw's assumption that the principal shear-stress is pro­ portional to the turbulent kinetic energy, which is introduced into the definition of the eddy-viscosity. Both models are tested for a large number of different fiowfields. The results of the BSL model are similar to those of the original k - w model, but without the undesirable free stream dependency. The predictions of the SST model are also independent of the freestrearn values but show better agreement with exper­ imental data for adverse pressure gradient boundary-layer flows.

Orderly Structure in Jet Turbulence

Abstract: Past evidence suggests that a large-scale orderly pattern may exist in the noiseproducing region of a jet. Using several methods to visualize the flow of round subsonic jets, we watched the evolution of orderly flow with advancing Reynolds number. As the Reynolds number increases from order 102 to 103, the instability of the jet evolves from a sinusoid to a helix, and finally to a train of axisymmetric waves. At a Reynolds number around 104, the boundary layer of the jet is thin, and two kinds of axisymmetric structure can be discerned: surface ripples on the jet column, thoroughly studied by previous workers, and a more tenuous train of large-scale vortex puffs. The surface ripples scale on the boundary-layer thickness and shorten as the Reynolds number increases toward 105. The structure of the puffs, by contrast, remains much the same: they form at an average Strouhal number of about 0·3 based on frequency, exit speed, and diameter.To isolate the large-scale pattern at Reynolds numbers around 105, we destroyed the surface ripples by tripping the boundary layer inside the nozzle. We imposed a periodic surging of controllable frequency and amplitude at the jet exit, and studied the response downstream by hot-wire anemometry and schlieren photography. The forcing generates a fundamental wave, whose phase velocity accords with the linear theory of temporally growing instabilities. The fundamental grows in amplitude downstream until non-linearity generates a harmonic. The harmonic retards the growth of the fundamental, and the two attain saturation intensities roughly independent of forcing amplitude. The saturation amplitude depends on the Strouhal number of the imposed surging and reaches a maximum at a Strouhal number of 0·30. A root-mean-square sinusoidal surging only 2% of the mean exit speed brings the preferred mode to saturation four diameters downstream from the nozzle, at which point the entrained volume flow has increased 32% over the unforced case. When forced at a Strouhal number of 0·60, the jet seems to act as a compound amplifier, forming a violent 0·30 subharmonic and suffering a large increase of spreading angle. We conclude with the conjecture that the preferred mode having a Strouhal number of 0·30 is in some sense the most dispersive wave on a jet column, the wave least capable of generating a harmonic, and therefore the wave most capable of reaching a large amplitude before saturating.

Local and global instabilities in spatially developing flows

Abstract: The goal of this survey is to review recent developments in the hydro­ dynamic stability theory of spatially developing flows pertaining to absolute/convective and local/global instability concepts. We wish to dem­ onstrate how these notions can be used effectively to obtain a qualitative and quantitative description of the spatio-temporal dynamics of open shear flows, such as mixing layers, jets, wakes, boundary layers, plane Poiseuille flow, etc. In this review, we only consider open flows where fluid particles do not remain within the physical domain of interest but are advected through downstream flow boundaries. Thus, for the most part, flows in "boxes" (Rayleigh-Benard convection in finite-size cells, Taylor-Couette flow between concentric rotating cylinders, etc.) are not discussed. Further­ more, the implications of local/global and absolute/convective instability concepts for geophysical flows are only alluded to briefly. In many of the flows of interest here, the mean-velocity profile is non-