Showing papers by "Ivana Marková published in 1995"
TL;DR: It is suggested that the concept of insight is first differentiated from the phenomenon of insight (its clinical representation) to facilitate a more structured and systematic approach to the examination of insight in clinical practice.
79 citations
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: This chapter discusses representation of Health, Illness and Handicap in the Mass Media of Communication, and the impact of Long-Term Care Coping and Human Agency on Quality of Life and Mental Health.
Abstract: A theoretical overview. Part 1: Representation of Health, Illness and Handicap in the Mass Media of Communication: The Self and Media Messages - Match or Mismatch? The Face of AIDS Representations of Learning Disability in the Literature of Charity Campaigns. Part 2: Professional and Lay Representations of Health, Illness and Handicap: The Self and the Other - Perception of the Risk of HIV/AIDS in Scottish Prisons Clinical Diagnosis and the Joint Construction of a Medical Voice The Mentally Ill Person and the Other - Social Representations and Interactive Strategies Medical and Lay Explanations of Diabetes in England and India. Part 3: Human agency and Well-being: Quality of Life - Hope for the Future or an Echo from the Distant Past? Quality of Life and Mental Health - Evaluating the Impact of Long-Term Care Coping and Human Agency.
72 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that insight is a construct that needs to be considered from the perspective of the patient, of the clinician, and of their interaction, and mechanisms are suggested to explain insight structure in relation to the different ways symptoms arise.
Abstract: Recent interest in insight in psychiatry has resulted in studies focusing on correlations between insight and variables such as severity of psychopathology, neuropsychological impairments, and magnetic resonance imaging. However, there has been relatively little exploration of the concept of insight itself as a basis of empirical research. This paper examines the concept of insight, differentiating this from the phenomenon of insight, and proposes that insight is a construct that needs to be considered from the perspective of the patient, of the clinician, and of their interaction. A new hierarchical model of insight construction is described, closely linked to symptom formation, and mechanisms are suggested to explain insight structure in relation to the different ways symptoms arise. The relationship between insight and symptom structure and disease suggests that the phenomenon of insight will vary in relation to different diseases. This in turn suggests that insight assessments should be modified according to the individual disease.
69 citations
TL;DR: The authors explored lay representations of democracy in two cultures, in Slovakia and in Scotland, and found that the most important terms associated with 'democracy' were value terms such as 'individual freedom', 'justice' and 'individual rights'.
Abstract: While the term 'democracy' has existed in political a and philosophical vocabularies since classical Athens, representations of democracy by laypeople are relatively more recent. Lay representations of democracy are likely to be formed, maintained and changed by both implicit and explicit processes. Some features of lay representations are deeply seated and transmitted across cultures; others are shaped by the already existing thinking schemata; and they also shape the existing thinking schemata by foregrounding particular latent issues, by bringing them into focused consciousness, and by introducing new contents. In the present study, lay representations of democracy were explored in two cultures, in Slovakia and in Scotland. It was found that the most important terms associated with 'democracy' were value terms such as 'individual freedom', 'justice' and 'individual rights'. The remaining clusters of terms expressed political processes and ideological vocabularies. It is argued in accordance with dialog...
42 citations
TL;DR: There has been a substantial increase in the use of AAC systems over the last 3 years and, indeed, over 50% of users have had their AAC systems no longer than 1 year.
Abstract: The present survey shows that in 1991–1992 there were 72 children, 37 adolescents, and 107 adults with cerebral palsy in Scotland who used some form of an augmentative and alternative communication...
36 citations
TL;DR: A model is offered here which provides a means of classifying heterogeneity on the basis of five levels of clinical differentiation which, in turn, carries implications for underlying symptom structure.
Abstract: Psychiatric symptoms are heterogeneous and differ in origin, structure and clinical expression. These differences are frequently ignored both clinically and in research. Thus, patients may be described as being anxious or as having delusions, with little realisation that different aspects of the structure of symptoms are being depicted. Neglect of differences in structure between symptoms has also naturally resulted in the neglect of differences in structure between superficially 'same' symptoms. A model is offered here which provides a means of classifying heterogeneity on the basis of five levels of clinical differentiation which, in turn, carries implications for underlying symptom structure. At the 1st level, symptoms can be differentiated in terms of the conventional category 'form' but which is in fact a composite of criteria. At the 2nd level, symptoms may be separated by differences in diagnosis which may alter structure; it is suggested that one way of capturing these is to assess the qualitative dimensions of the form. At the 3rd level, differentiation can occur on the basis of sensory modality, and, using hallucinations as an illustration, it has been shown that this is a weak and confused criterion. At the 4th level, symptoms can be differentiated on the basis of abstract criteria, often of historical origin, for which there is little empirical evidence. At the 5th level, the main criterion is difference in content. That not all symptoms will be susceptible to a fivefold analysis reinforces the argument that symptoms are structurally different and that these differences have psychometric and research implications.
32 citations
TL;DR: Findings suggest that the process of risk perception may operate on more than one level and that prison staff were found to perceive prison as a higher-risk environment for HIV/AIDS than outside prison, whereas prisoners perceived the opposite.
Abstract: Four hundred and eighty male prisoners and 500 male staff from 7 Scottish prisons took part in a study assessing perception of risk and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS. Prison staff were found to perceive prison as a higher-risk environment for HIV/AIDS than outside prison, whereas prisoners perceived the opposite. Prisoners perceived less personal risk of HIV/AIDS inside prison than staff. Staff and prisoner concern towards HIV/AIDS was greater than perceived risk of HIV/AIDS, and concern was found to be associated with a number of demographic variables, whereas perceived risk was less influenced by such variables. These findings suggest that the process of risk perception may operate on more than one level. Factor analysis of attitudes towards HIV/AIDS produced four factors for both staff and prisoners: 'Interacting with people with HIV/AIDS'; 'Social control of HIV/ AIDS'; 'HIV/AIDS prevention for high-risk groups'; and 'Response to HIV/AIDS high-risk behaviour'. For both staff and prisoners, greater concer...
28 citations
TL;DR: The psychiatric component of the Cambridge HD Clinic and its assessment protocols are described and practical concepts, useful to the understanding of the clinical problems that may be encountered, are discussed.
Abstract: Psychiatrists are becoming increasingly involved in the assessment of candidates for genetic testing for Huntington9s disease (HD) in which their role ranges from diagnosing conventional psychiatric disorder to identifying ‘new odd behaviours’. They are also expected to predict dysfunctional response to test results (e.g. self-harm). This paper describes the psychiatric component of the Cambridge HD Clinic and its assessment protocols. Practical concepts, useful to the understanding of the clinical problems that may be encountered, are also discussed.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the communication of 93 adolescent and adult AAC users with cerebral palsy and 186 of their communication partners and focused on four issues relating to the role of the communication partner: range of communication partners, communication partners' knowledge of AAC systems, training of communication partner, coordination between speech and language therapists and other communication partners.
Abstract: Comunication is a cooperative undertaking and the successful use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems is as dependent on the communication partner as it is on the user. This paper presents findings from a two-year research study, funded by the Scottish Office Home and Health Department, which examined the communication of 93 adolescent and adult AAC users with cerebral palsy (CP) and 186 of their communication partners. This paper focuses on four issues relating to the role of the communication partner: range of communication partners, communication partners' knowledge of AAC systems, training of communication partners, coordination between speech and language therapists and other communication partners.