Ageing is natural and inevitable consequence of human life. Once born, there is no scope for man from old age. Old age bring both physical ailments and social problems. Major social problem of the old people is their adjustment to their surrounding social world in general and their immediate families in particular. Old people very often feel neglected and forgotten. This gives rise to anger, sorrows and frustration leading to tension in the family. This study was undertaken to understand the health status of elderly people and to gather some information about their perceived health needs using the information over Thakurgoan district. The study has covered both quantitative and qualitative information. Necessary data were collected through interviews and intensive observation, questionnaire and the case study techniques were used with one assumption that these will provide a better insight into the experience of care giving and care receiving processes than a survey alone could do. Herein, an attempt is made to describe the situation and major health problems faced by the elderly from 80 (20 men 20 women) elderly population of aged 60 and above in one urban and one rural communities of Thakurgoan. The survey findings indicate that elderly men and women lack access to land and agricultural resources. Access to resources, and therefore livelihood strategies, have changed for both older men and women. Most of the elderly populations are landless and they earn very little from land. The findings from the study show that poor older people in rural areas faces very difficult circumstances as they attempt to meet their basic needs. Many elderly persons have only homestead land but no agricultural land. The health status of elderly population is poor and they lack access to basic health care. About 80 percent of the elderly population suffered from health problems. Almost every one suffered from at least one disease during three months prior to the survey. The average duration of suffering from diseases ranged from 3 years to 9 years. The vibration analysis shows that age, sex, access to treatment and income is associated with the health problems of the older population.

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Social Status of Elderly People in Health Perspective: A Comparison of Rural and Urban Area

Introduction With the vision of achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by the year 2030, many sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries have implemented health insurance schemes that seek to improve access to healthcare for their populace. In this study, we examined the prevalence and factors associated with health insurance coverage in urban sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Materials and methods We used the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 23 countries in SSA. We included 120,037 women and 54,254 men residing in urban centres in our analyses which were carried out using both bivariable and multivariable analyses. Results We found that the overall prevalence of health insurance coverage was 10.6% among females and 14% among males. The probability of being covered by health insurance increased by level of education. Men and women with higher education, for instance, had 7.61 times (95%CI = 6.50–8.90) and 7.44 times (95%CI = 6.77–8.17) higher odds of being covered by health insurance than those with no formal education. Males and females who read newspaper or magazine (Males: AOR = 1.47, 95%CI = 1.37–1.57; Females: AOR = 2.19, 95%CI = 1.31–3.66) listened to radio (Males: AOR = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.18–1.41; Females: AOR = 1.42, 95%CI = 1.35–1.51), and who watched television (Males: AOR = 1.80, 95%CI = 1.64–1.97; Females: AOR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.75–1.99) at least once a week had higher odds of being covered by health insurance. Conclusion The coverage of health insurance in SSA is generally low among urban dwellers. This has negative implications for the achievement of universal health coverage by the year 2030. We recommend increased public education on the benefits of being covered by health insurance using the mass media which we found to be an important factor associated with health insurance coverage. The focus of such mass media education could target the less educated urban dwellers, males in the lowest wealth quintile, and young adults (15–29 years).

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0264162&type=printable

Prevalence and factors associated with health insurance coverage in urban sub-Saharan Africa: Multilevel analyses of demographic and health survey data

Background The increase in the number of elderly persons in developing countries has not had a corresponding increase in social and health care support systems for the elderly. There is a substantial difference in the quality of healthcare received by older people in developing and developed countries. Elderly persons in developing countries including Ghana are increasingly becoming marginalised and isolated. There is, however, limited evidence of healthcare challenges and expectations by elderly persons in Ghana. This study explored healthcare challenges and expectations of elderly persons to inform policy that could lead to improved quality of life for elderly persons in Ghana. Materials and methods Qualitative exploratory descriptive study design was used in conducting this study. Semi-structured interviews were used in collecting data from 30 participants from three regions in Ghana (10 from each region). Data analysis was carried out through content analysis. Results Four themes were extracted from data. These themes were: 1. Inadequate information from health workers regarding care of the older person. 2. Queuing frustrations. 3. Financial burden. 4. Focused elderly care demand. Conclusion The elderly in Ghana experience challenges of healthcare which include inadequate information, queuing frustrations and financial burdens. Elderly persons also have expectations of healthcare which include having dedicated professionals and units that will attend to them during their hospital visits. Academic and clinical gerontology experts could collaborate and help improve gerontology knowledge of health workers through workshops and conferences. Improving knowledge of health workers in gerontology may be a positive step towards meeting healthcare expectations of older Ghanaians.

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Older people's challenges and expectations of healthcare in Ghana: A qualitative study.

The preferential form of living for the elderly in India is within the extended family. India is undergoing rapid economic development, an increase in mobility, and changes in gender norms due to an increase in women’s labour force participation, which places challenges on traditional intergenerational relationships. Ageing and the well-being of the elderly is a rising concern, especially considering that their proportion of the population is expected to grow rapidly in coming decades. There is a lack of universal state provision for the elderly’s basic needs, which is especially profound for elderly women, since most do not have an independent income. This leaves the elderly dependent upon the benevolence of their adult children’s families or other relatives. This paper explores, with help of narrative analysis and critical contributions from capability theory, elderly women’s agency freedoms and how this can be contextualised with their varying capability sets. With help of Spivak’s notion of the silent subaltern, the paper anchors elderly women’s abilities to voice to their agency freedom. The master narrative of the silent supportive wife and side-lined mother-in-law as well as three counter-narratives explore alternative agencies taken by elderly women.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/23/8779/pdf

Silence or Voice? Agency Freedom among Elderly Women Living in Extended Families in Urban India

Background: Ageing is a natural process and in recent years, the ageing of population is on increase world over. Ageing brings about a number of physiological changes, leading to serious public health problems. Although the health care services are advanced and improved but still the burden of disease of elderly is increasing with a challenge for health care on family and nation. Objective: Good health is a pre requisite to good quality of life. Considering this fact, this study was planned to assess the health problems of elderly people for care and prevention. Material and Method: This cross sectional study was designed, to study 300 elderly people of age 60 years and above from the urban health training centre of department of community medicine, GMCH, Udaipur. Results: Majority of the elderly subjects were observed to be illiterate, married, with defective vision and certain addiction habits. Most of the elderly were observed with non-communicable and communicable diseases, involving almost all body systems. Among the elderly (13.67%) of the subjects needed physical assistance for carrying out their daily living activity. Conclusion: Most of elderly people are observed with poor health status affected by multiple social and medical problems. Elderly people are more likely to have ocular, musculoskeletal, hypertension, hearing problems, insomnia, dental problems, diabetes and other diseases. The prevalence of chronic diseases in elderly people could be cared by strengthening geriatric health services for control and health promotion.

Health problems of elderly: a challenge for care -

Aging brings about a number of physiological changes. It not only affects a person's looks, but also becomes a cause of physical deterioration. This study was undertaken to understand the health status of elderly people and to gather some information about their perceived health needs using the information and over of Puducherry district. The present study is descriptive in nature. Herein, an attempt is made to describe the situation and major health problems faced by the elderly from 213 elderly population of aged 60 and above in three rural communes of Puducherry. Findings reveal that majority of the elderly, both male and female, are unhealthy. The most common health problems aged people face include eye sight, hearing, joint pains, nervous disorders, weakness, heart complaints, asthma, tuberculosis, skin diseases, urinary problems and others. More health problems were reported by women compared to men.

Health problems of aged people

The Role of Mass Media in Health Care Development: A Review Article

In order to attract the consumer's some organizations introduce new products whereas some organizations advertise in order to attract the consumers. the latter is considered to be one of the most influential ways of attracting consumers since advertising not only creates awareness about the product among the consumers but also entertains them. even though past studies have agreed that advertisement, especially tv advertisement, is the most effective media source since it attracts consumer’s attention. advertisements affect the perceptions of the consumers and it can influence the consumer's buying decisions. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of tv advertisement on the consumer buying behavior by conducting the survey. for this purpose, a quantitative method was used, in which the impact of advertisement through brand awareness was seen on the consumer buying behavior. the main focus of this study was how brand awareness is created through tv advertising and its impact on the buying behavior of consumers, this impact is seen on the buying behaviors of consumers in electronic goods.

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Impact of advertisement on consumer’s purchases

This paper reports the survey which was done on 93 individuals (both male and female), aged 17-30 years, on their ability to learn and express themselves in terms of their personal, social and corporate abilities. The individuals participated in the online survey from several regions of India.The questions asked were to measure the level of the disabilities of the individuals, its causes and the level of its influence on their life. The study reveals that most of the people had one or more kind of learning problems and many felt the need of extra attention. The study also took in considerations of any kind of influence of the geographical climate and area and their influence on the ability of a person. Learning disabilities are not curable but if that is identified sooner or in the adolescent age, several steps can be taken in order to lower the problems.

J. Balamurugan

Papers

Health problems of aged people

The Role of Mass Media in Health Care Development: A Review Article

Impact of advertisement on consumer’s purchases

A Study on Learning Disability in Adolescents and Young Adults