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Author

J. Bruce German

Other affiliations: Nestlé, University of California
Bio: J. Bruce German is an academic researcher from University of California, Davis. The author has contributed to research in topics: Lactation & Polyunsaturated fatty acid. The author has an hindex of 83, co-authored 321 publications receiving 23370 citations. Previous affiliations of J. Bruce German include Nestlé & University of California.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
24 Apr 2009-Science
TL;DR: To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage and provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.
Abstract: To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.

1,144 citations

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TL;DR: The rapid growth in the use of phytochemicals in nutraceutical and functional foods requires that the food and pharmaceutical industries face new challenges.
Abstract: Phytochemicals, as plant components with discrete bio-activities towards animal biochemistry and metabolism are being widely examined for their ability to provide health benefits. It is important to establish the scientific rationale to defend their use in foods, as potential nutritionally active ingredients. Phytochemicals could provide health benefits as: (1) substrates for biochemical reactions; (2) cofactors of enzymatic reactions; (3) inhibitors of enzymatic reactions; (4) absorbents/sequestrants that bind to and eliminate undesirable constituents in the intestine; (5) ligands that agonize or antagonize cell surface or intracellular receptors; (6) scavengers of reactive or toxic chemicals; (7) compounds that enhance the absorption and or stability of essential nutrients; (8) selective growth factors for beneficial gastrointestinal bacteria; (9) fermentation substrates for beneficial oral, gastric or intestinal bacteria; and (10) selective inhibitors of deleterious intestinal bacteria. Such phytochemicals include terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids and fiber. Research supporting beneficial roles for phytochemicals against cancers, coronary heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, inflammation, microbial, viral and parasitic infections, psychotic diseases, spasmodic conditions, ulcers, etc is based on chemical mechanisms using in vitro and cell culture systems, various disease states in animals and epidemiology of humans. However, it must be emphasized that a distinction needs to be drawn between the types of information that can be obtained from studies in vitro, in animals and in humans. Mechanisms of action must certainly be established in vitro; however, the efficacy of these same ingredients with their mechanisms of action, must also be demonstrated in vivo. The rapid growth in the use of phytochemicals in nutraceutical and functional foods requires that the food and pharmaceutical industries face new challenges: in addressing worldwide public concern over the efficacy and safety of supplements and foods claimed to be health-promoting; in government regulations related to safety, labeling and health claims for products that contain phytochemicals; in the manufacturing of foods with different qualities and stabilities; and in marketing issues, particularly as they relate to consumers' recognizing added value. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

1,011 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants with corn oil stripped of natural tocopherols in bulk and in emulsion systems, respectively.
Abstract: Antioxidants have been difficult to evaluate in oils and food emulsions due in part to the complex interfacial phenomena involved. Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants were evaluated with corn oil stripped of natural tocopherols in bulk and in emulsion systems. Oridation was followed by determining formation of hydroperoxides and hexanal. The lipophilic antioxidants α-tocopherol and ascorbyl palmitate were more effective in an oil-in-water emulsion system than in bulk oil, while the opposite trend was found for the hydrophilic antioxidants Trolox and ascorbic acid. The oil-insoluble ascorbic acid was a particularly efficient antioxidant in suspension in the bulk oil system

704 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, this article found that infants preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle, and that Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis strains showed a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidabacteria.
Abstract: Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific “healthy” microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous B. longum subsp. infantis strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.

588 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, wine phenolic fractions of a Petite Syrah wine were evaluated for their antioxidant activity in inhibiting LDL oxidation in vitro, and the most active fractions contained components of the catechin family.
Abstract: Current research suggests that wine contains substances that may reduce the mortality rate from coronary diseases. The oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is thought to be a key step in the development of atherosclerosis. Phenolic fractions of a Petite Syrah wine were evaluated for their antioxidant activity in inhibiting LDL oxidation in vitro. The more active fractions contained components of the catechin family. The catechin oligomers and the procyanidin dimers (B 2 , B 3 , B 4 , B 6 , B 8 ) and trimers (C 1 , C 2 ) were extracted, isolated and purified from grapes seeds. These compounds were tested for their inhibition of LDL oxidation, along with other monomeric wine phenolics. The procyanidin dimers B 2 and B 8 , and trimer C 1 , and the monomers catechin, epicatechin and myricetin had the highest antioxidant activity. The procyanidin dimers B 3 , B 4 and C 2 and the monomers gallic acid, quercetin, caffeic acid, and rutin, and a group of compounds that included the dimer B 6 , ellagic acid, sinapic acid, cyanidin had lower antioxidant activity and α-tocopherol had the least activity. Thus, the numerous phenolic compounds found in wine are potent antioxidants in inhibiting LDL oxidation in vitro.

533 citations


Cited by
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28 Jul 2005
TL;DR: PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1(PfPMP1)与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用,在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员,通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

18,940 citations

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TL;DR: The nature and contents of the various polyphenols present in food sources and the influence of agricultural practices and industrial processes are reviewed, and bioavailability appears to differ greatly between the variousPolyphenols, and the most abundantpolyphenols in the authors' diet are not necessarily those that have the best bioavailability profile.

6,842 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This analysis suggests that the total phenols assay by FCR be used to quantify an antioxidant's reducing capacity and the ORAC assay to quantify peroxyl radical scavenging capacity, to comprehensively study different aspects of antioxidants.
Abstract: This review summarizes the multifaceted aspects of antioxidants and the basic kinetic models of inhibited autoxidation and analyzes the chemical principles of antioxidant capacity assays. Depending upon the reactions involved, these assays can roughly be classified into two types: assays based on hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions and assays based on electron transfer (ET). The majority of HAT-based assays apply a competitive reaction scheme, in which antioxidant and substrate compete for thermally generated peroxyl radicals through the decomposition of azo compounds. These assays include inhibition of induced low-density lipoprotein autoxidation, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), total radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), and crocin bleaching assays. ET-based assays measure the capacity of an antioxidant in the reduction of an oxidant, which changes color when reduced. The degree of color change is correlated with the sample's antioxidant concentrations. ET-based assays include th...

5,354 citations

01 Feb 2015
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes generated as part of the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium, profiled for histone modification patterns, DNA accessibility, DNA methylation and RNA expression.
Abstract: The reference human genome sequence set the stage for studies of genetic variation and its association with human disease, but epigenomic studies lack a similar reference. To address this need, the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium generated the largest collection so far of human epigenomes for primary cells and tissues. Here we describe the integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes generated as part of the programme, profiled for histone modification patterns, DNA accessibility, DNA methylation and RNA expression. We establish global maps of regulatory elements, define regulatory modules of coordinated activity, and their likely activators and repressors. We show that disease- and trait-associated genetic variants are enriched in tissue-specific epigenomic marks, revealing biologically relevant cell types for diverse human traits, and providing a resource for interpreting the molecular basis of human disease. Our results demonstrate the central role of epigenomic information for understanding gene regulation, cellular differentiation and human disease.

4,409 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The meta-analyses indicate protection against child infections and malocclusion, increases in intelligence, and probable reductions in overweight and diabetes, and an increase in tooth decay with longer periods of breastfeeding.

4,291 citations