Preparation of SixCyHz films from methylsilane by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

The prospects for imaging x rays at energies from 10 to 40 keV with grazing incidence optics are explored. The scientific rationale and existing laboratory measurements are reviewed. Measurements of reflectivity using possible mirror materials are described. Iridium-coated float glass gives an improved performance over gold by the factor predicted by theory but both had a lower absolute level. This may be due to a lower density of the thin metal layer caused by the deposition method. The reflectivity of a sample of iridium-coated float glass was measured at small grazing angles (25-5 min of arc) at energies of 8, 17, and 26 keV. High reflectivity (>50%) was seen out to angles of 33, 16, and 11 min of arc, respectively. These are close to the theoretical values. A design for a high energy imaging telescope of the Explorer class is described.

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Grazing incidence imaging from 10 to 40 keV.

The wavefront aberration polynomial and transverse ray aberration expansions will be derived for grazing incidence two-mirror Wolter telescopes including all paraboloid-hyperboloid and paraboloid-ellipsoid combinations. The reference sphere is determined with the help of the principal surface of the telescope, and the aberration polynomials will be given as functions of the coordinates of the ray intersection with the reference sphere. Third -and some of the fifth-order and seventh-order aberration terms will be analyzed. Also, the well-known relationship between wavefront aberration polynomials and transverse ray aberration polynomials will be verified.

Aberrations for grazing incidence telescopes.

Grazing incidence optics are a key element of x-ray and extreme ultraviolet astronomy and are becoming increasingly important in aspects of far-ultraviolet astronomy. Metal optics have figured prominently in this work, and machined metal optics offer distinct advantages in some applications. New methods of metrology have combined with innovations in fabrication to produce metal optics of second of arc quality. In this paper we review the fabrication, evaluation, and performance of machined grazing incidence metal optics produced, or in production, for astronomical telescopes.

Fabrication, evaluation, and performance of machined metal grazing incidence telescopes

Some simple formulas are derived to calculate the maximum effective area that can be obtained by Kirkpatrick-Baez, Wolter, and conical x-ray telescopes in those cases for which that area is limited by the focal length. Electroforming and epoxy replication techniques are reviewed, and the design and production technology chosen for the high throughput telescopes to be flown on the European X-Ray Spectroscopy Mission are presented.

High-throughput replica optics

These proceedings collect papers on optics, topics include: electro formed x-ray optics, soft x-ray telescope mirrors, high throughput x-ray optics, mirrors for high-energy x-ray astronomy, development of grazing incidence mirrors for synchrotron radiation beamlines, and extreme ultraviolet reflectance degradation of aluminum and silicon from surface oxidation.

J.C. Green

Papers

Grazing Incidence Optics for Astronomical and Laboratory Applications