One of the least understood aspects of population biology is community evolution-the evolutionary interactions found among different kinds or organisms where exchange of genetic information among the kinds is assumed to be minimal or absent. Studies of community evolution have, in general, tended to be narrow in scope and to ignore the reciprocal aspects of these interactions. Indeed, one group of organisms is all too often viewed'as a kind of physical constant. In an extreme example a parasitologist might not consider the evolutionary history and responses of hosts, while a specialist in vertebrates might assume species of vertebrate parasites to be invariate entities. This viewpoint is one factor in the general lack of progress toward the understanding of organic diversification. One approach to what we would like to call coevolution is the examination of patterns of interaction between two major groups of organisms with a close and evident ecological relationship, such as plants and herbivores. The considerable amount of information available about butterflies and their food plants make them particularly suitable for these investigations. Further, recent detailed investigations have provided a relatively firm basis for statements about the phenetic relationships of the various higher groups of Papilionoidea (Ehrlich, 1958, and unpubl.). It should, however, be remembered that we are considering the butterflies as a model. They are only one of the many groups of herbivorous organisms coevolving with plants. In this paper, we shall investigate the relationship between butterflies and their food

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Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution

Introduction How to use this book The dictionary Appendix Acknowledgement of sources Abbreviations and symbols (used in this book).

Mabberley's plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classifications and uses.

Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta)

The Hindustan centre of crop origin is the cradle of many economically important vegetable crops. Ash gourd (Benincasa hispida Cogn.), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), kundru (Coccinia indica L.), pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica L.), snake gourd (Trichosanthes anguina L.), egg plant (Solanum melongena L.), hyacinth bean (Dolichos lablab L.), sword bean (Canavalia sp.) and many other vegetables originated in this part of the world. There is yet another vitamin-rich, mineral-packed and nutritious vegetable of this tropical and subtropical centre of crop origin grown by the dravidians and later by the aryans in each and every home yard, and presently disappearing from cultivation, called variously drumstick, horse radish tree, radish tree, and West Indian Ben. The name drumstick derives from the shape of the pod, resembling the slender and curved stick used for beating the drum. Probably the name radish tree originates from the pendulous, slender and thin shape of the immature fruits of the tree resembling very much the siliqua of the radish.

Drumstick (Moringa oleifera): a multipurpose Indian vegetable.

Many flowers produce rewards, usually nectar or pollen or both. C. K. Sprengel (165), the founder of modern floral biology, was the first to report that flowers do not always reward pollinators; his observations were on the genus Orchis. Subsequent authors (7; 51; 66; 97; 99; 105; 186, p. 21; 195) have discussed various aspects of deceitful flowers that attract pollinators by resembling rewarding flowers or other objects.

Mimicry and Deception in Pollination

AbstractTHE publication of the second part of vol. 2 completes this “Flora”. The part contains the account of the Monocotyledons, which are represented by thirty-five families. The arrangement, as in the previous parts, follows Dr. J. Hutchinson's “Families of Flowering Plants”. An artificial key to the families which are dealt with in this part is provided, and an index to families, genera and synonyms contained in the entire work occupies forty-three pages at the end. A short account of the principal vegetational types, accompanied by a map, is given. The illustrations, many of which occupy full pages, are by Mr. W. E. Trevithick and Miss S. Ross-Craig.Flora of West Tropical Africa\n the British West African Colonies, British Cameroons, Xhe French and Portuguese Colonies south of the tropic of Cancer to Lake Chad, and Fernando Po. By Dr. J. Hutchinson and Dr. J. M. Dalziel. Prepared at the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, under the supervision of the Director. (Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for the Colonies.) Vol. 2, Part 2. Pp. 293–651. (London: The Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1936.) 8s. 6d.

The Flora of West Tropical Africa

The families of flowering plants

F. N. HEPPER, editor, Flora of West Tropical Africa. All territories in West Africa South of latitude 18? N and to the West of Lake Chad and Fernando Po. First edition by J. Hutchinson ... and J. M. Dalziel ... Second edition. Revision edited by F. N. HEPPER ... Prepared and revised at the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, under the supervision of the Director. Vol. III Part 2, 2nd May I972 ... Published on behalf of the Governments of Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone and the Gambia by the Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations, Millbank, London S.W.I, pp. 277-574, figs. 406-462, i6 x 25 cm., price ? 1.70.

J. Hutchinson

Papers

The Flora of West Tropical Africa

The families of flowering plants

Flora of west tropical Africa

The Families of Flowering Plants

Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. 1.