An overview is presented with regard to applications of visible and near infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy, multispectral imaging and hyperspectral imaging techniques for quality attributes measurement and variety discrimination of various fruit species, i.e., apple, orange, kiwifruit, peach, grape, strawberry, grape, jujube, banana, mango and others. Some commonly utilized chemometrics including pretreatment methods, variable selection methods, discriminant methods and calibration methods are briefly introduced. The comprehensive review of applications, which concentrates primarily on Vis/NIR spectroscopy, are arranged according to fruit species. Most of the applications are focused on variety discrimination or the measurement of soluble solids content (SSC), acidity and firmness, but also some measurements involving dry matter, vitamin C, polyphenols and pigments have been reported. The feasibility of different spectral modes, i.e., reflectance, interactance and transmittance, are discussed. Optimal variable selection methods and calibration methods for measuring different attributes of different fruit species are addressed. Special attention is paid to sample preparation and the influence of the environment. Areas where further investigation is needed and problems concerning model robustness and model transfer are identified.

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Fruit Quality Evaluation Using Spectroscopy Technology: A Review

Soluble solids content, variety and origin of grapes are three relevant features to determine wine quality. Soluble solids content is directly related to ripeness. The capacity to certify the origi...

Maturity, variety and origin determination in white grapes ( Vitis Vinifera L. ) using near infrared reflectance technology

Shortwave-near infrared spectroscopy for determination of reducing sugar content during grape ripening, winemaking, and aging of white and red wines

Visible/near infrared spectrometric technique for nondestructive assessment of tomato ‘Heatwave’ (Lycopersicum esculentum) quality characteristics

Feasibility in NIRS instruments for predicting internal quality in intact tomato

Influence of mechanical harvest on the physical properties of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

In the last few years, the production of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) has undergone a significant development with increasing international market. Therefore, the use of fast and non-destructive methods for ripening control is desirable. In this sense, NIRS technology (Near Infrared Spectroscopy) has proved to be very useful. The objectives of this work were to estimate the soluble solids content from NIRS technology and to evaluate the influence of the kiwifruit temperature on the NIR measures. A sample of 210 fruits was collected and stored for three months under cold conditions. The NIR measures were done at three kiwifruit temperatures (0.5°C, 10°C and 20°C) and the refractometric index was determined at the end of the experiment. The reflectance spectra in the near-infrared region between 800 and 2500 nm were measured with a Varian CARY 500 spectrophotometer equipped with an integrated sphere to measure reflectance in solid samples. The information has been analysed with Unscramble and SPSS statistical programs, which include a wide range of rapid data-processing applications and procedures, with a large number of options and graphic representations. The test performed for this study are PLS (partial least squares regression) and DA (discriminate analysis). Results showed: the validity of this technology to obtain a relationship between the NIRS and the soluble solids content, and differences on the wavelengths used in the calibrations, depending on the kiwifruit temperature.

J. I. Arana

Papers

Influence of mechanical harvest on the physical properties of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Selection of the temperature in the sugar content determination of Kiwi Fruit