Author
J. Klein
Bio: J. Klein is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Penicillanic Acid. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 22 citations.
Topics: Penicillanic Acid
Papers
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01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In the process of developing a most efficient immobilized cell system for the production of 6 APA, two routes have been followed: increase of the specific activity of the cell system itself and selection of the appropriate immobilization technique.
Abstract: In the process of developing a most efficient immobilized cell system for the production of 6 APA, two routes have been followed: (1) increase of the specific activity of the cell system itself and (2) selection of the appropriate immobilization technique.
22 citations
Cited by
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TL;DR: Techniques which have been used to immobilize whole cells include adsorption, aggregation, confinement and entrapment, and many more have been proposed.
432 citations
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111 citations
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TL;DR: Clues to the biological role of this enzyme have been provided, as well as new strategies for the commercial production and utilization of PA, revealing a variety of interesting features that are unique among microorganisms.
106 citations
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TL;DR: A vast number of potential applications are already known, and one of the most interesting applications may be in continuous fermentation such as ethanol production by immobilized living microorganisms.
Abstract: Although the application of the natural attraction of many microorganisms to surfaces has been applied in vinegar production since the early 1980s, and has long been utilized in waste water purification, the development of microbial cell immobilization techniques for special applications dates back only to the early 1960s. The immobilization may involve whole cells, cell fragments, or lysed cells. Whole cells may retain their metabolic activity with their complex multienzyme systems and cofactor regeneration mechanisms intact, or they may be killed in the process with only a few desired enzymes remaining active in the final biocatalyst. Cells may also be coimmobilized with an enzyme to carry out special reactions. Although relatively few industrial scale applications exist today, some are of very large scale. Current applications vary from relatively small scale steroid conversions to amino acid production and high fructose syrup manufacture. A vast number of potential applications are already known, and one of the most interesting applications may be in continuous fermentation such as ethanol production by immobilized living microorganisms. 373 references.
78 citations
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TL;DR: Comparison of the physicochemical properties of purified enzyme preparations indicate a wide variation; however, in general the PVAs are specific for phenoxyacetyl amides of beta-lactam molecules and very few enzymes hydrolyze other phenoxy acetyl derivatives.
75 citations