A. Temperature Chambers 1735 B. Pressure Cells 1735 C. Stretching Equipment 1736 D. Fiber Spinning Equipment 1737 E. Fiber Drawing Apparatus 1738 F. Shear Apparatus 1739 IV. Combined Techniques 1739 A. Simultaneous SAXS/WAXD 1739 B. Raman Spectroscopy 1740 C. Laser Light Scattering 1741 D. Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy 1743 V. Applications 1743 A. Materials-Based Studies 1743 1. Block Copolymers 1743 2. Ionomers 1745 3. Liquid Crystalline Polymers 1745 4. Biopolymers 1746 B. Phenomenon-Based Studies 1747 1. Polymer Solutions and Gels 1747 2. Colloidal Suspensions, Micellar Solutions, and Microemulsions 1749

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Small-angle X-ray scattering of polymers.

Disclosed is a sensor for sensing the presence of an analyte component without relying on redox mediators. This sensor includes (a) a plurality of conductive polymer strands each having at least a first end and a second end and each aligned in a substantially common orientation; (b) a plurality of molecular recognition headgroups having an affinity for the analyte component and being attached to the first ends of the conductive polymer strands; and (c) an electrode substrate attached to the conductive polymer strands at the second ends. The electrode substrate is capable of reporting to an electronic circuit reception of mobile charge carriers (electrons or holes) from the conductive polymer strands. The electrode substrate may be a photovoltaic diode.

Molecular wire injection sensors

Synthesis of novel flame retardant epoxy hardeners and properties of cured products

Poly(trimethylene teraphthalate) crystal structure and morphology in different length scales

Developments of single crystal ED patterns in melt-crystallized poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) have been successfully achieved. Five different zonal electron diffraction patterns containing a total of 14 independent reflections were obtained. The PTT structure under strain-free conditions was identified as a triclinic structure with a = 4.5 A, b = 6.3 A, c = 18.2 A, α = 97.5°, β = 91.4°, and γ = 111.7° with a calculated density of 1.44 g/cm3. On the basis of the corresponding reflections in ED patterns, each significant diffraction peak in wide-angle X-ray diffraction powder pattern was identified and indexed. A much more precise determination of the unit cell parameters has been thus achieved. They are a = 4.53 A, b = 6.20 A, c = 18.70 A, α = 97.6°, β = 93.2°, and γ = 110.1°. Unlike poly(butylene terephthalate), structure deformation has not been found in PTT fibers after removal of the extension. This specific feature may explain the better performance in resilience recovery for PTT as compared ...

Crystal structure and banded spherulite of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)

A new model for fabric hand assessment is developed that uses fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to predict hand. One of the main aspects of this research is the establishment of a fuzzy relation matrix R for objective evaluation of fabric hand. This was achieved by investigating a large number ( n = 100) of light weight fabrics for selected physical and mechanical properties and developing a series of membership functions for the properties tested. Another important element is the weighted factor vector A, which was deduced from a survey of a panel of judges ( n = 25). A in conjunction with R generates multifactorial equations that can be used to calculate fabric hand.

An Empirical Model for Fabric Hand : Part I: Objective Assessment of Light Weight Fabrics

Morphology and crystal structure of CTFMP and bulk polymerized poly(trimethylene terephthalate)

The morphology of poly(p-oxybenzoate) polymerized from p-acetoxybenzoic acid (pABA) in constrained thin films at temperatures between 130°C and 315°C for various times is described. Polymerization below the melting point of the monomer, 196°C, occurs by a sublimationrecrystallization-melting process, with polymerization occuring in the melt. Lamellar crystals, often bilayered, are found that are ca. 100 A thick as well as single disclination domains. Electron diffraction patterns indicate the presence of either phase I or II in a given crystal, with the unit cell for phase II being proposed; the molecular axes are normal to the lamellae. Polymerization above 200°C results in holes in the lamellae; it is suggested that polymerization also is in the form of lamellae followed by the hole formation as further reaction occurs in the crystalline state, initial “crystal” growth at all temperatures is in the liquid crystalline state.

Thin film melt polymerized single crystals of poly(p-oxybenzoate)

Application of electron diffraction (ED) to poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) crystallized isothermally from the melt at 260°C has permitted determination of the α-and β-form unit cells. While the α-form lattice parameters and cell agree well with those proposed in the literature, a different cell is proposed for the β-form (monoclinic, P21/n11 space group; 4 chains, with a = 1.304 nm, b = 0.926 nm, c = 1.300 nm, α = 131.47°, β = γ = 90°, ρ = 1.368 g/cm3). The β-form crystals were large, resembling hedrites (axialites). A number of different, single-zone ED patterns from at least one additional two-chain unit cell (γ) were found, indicating a large degree of PEN polymorphism. The γ unit cell has not yet been determined. Nascent melt-polymerized samples were also examined, giving rise to both β-and γ-type patterns. The γ-patterns arise from extended-chain single crystals of variable thickness.

Crystal structures and morphology of thin-film, melt-crystallized, and polymerized poly(ethylene naphthalate)

Lamellar single crystals of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) have been prepared by our confined thin film melt polymerization method between glass at polymerization temperatures of 150° to 225°C. (010) twinned crystals are frequently observed among these lamellae, especially for those prepared at higher temperatures. Based on [001] and [101] electron diffraction patterns, with a total of 25 independent reflections, the lattice parameters are determined as a = 4.657, b = 5.836, c = 10.831 A;α = 96.26°,β = 128.30°, and γ = 106.62° with a calculated density of 1.559 g/cm3 for a “perfect” PET single crystal. Chain packing and molecular conformation in the triclinic unit cell (Pi) were simulated by the Cerius2 modeling software.

J. Liu

Papers

An Empirical Model for Fabric Hand : Part I: Objective Assessment of Light Weight Fabrics

Morphology and crystal structure of CTFMP and bulk polymerized poly(trimethylene terephthalate)

Thin film melt polymerized single crystals of poly(p-oxybenzoate)

Crystal structures and morphology of thin-film, melt-crystallized, and polymerized poly(ethylene naphthalate)

Crystal structure and morphology of poly(ethylene terephthalate) single crystals prepared by melt polymerization