The role of virtual and augmented reality in orthopedic trauma surgery: From diagnosis to rehabilitation.

Background and Purpose. Hip dislocation combined with acetabular fracture remains a challenging condition for orthopedic surgeons. In this study, we utilized a computer-assisted simulation and three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to treat patients with hip dislocation combined with acetabular fracture. We hypothesized that the 3D printing-assisted method would shorten the internal fixation time and surgical time. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 16 patients diagnosed with traumatic posterior dislocation of hip combined with acetabular fractures and treated with plate fixation from September 2013 to August 2017. Patients were divided into two groups: (1) traditional method and (2) 3D printing groups. In the traditional method group, the plates were contoured during the surgery, whereas in the 3D printing group, the patient’s pelvic computed tomography image was transformed to the 3D medical image software for processing preoperatively. The fracture reduction was simulated by the computer. Thereafter, the 1:1 scale 3D printing model was used to design the surgical plan and contour patient-specific plates preoperatively. Results. The internal fixation time was significantly shorter in the 3D printing group than in the traditional method group (-33 min, P<0.05). The mean operative time was shorter than that in the traditional method group (-43 min). However, blood loss and postoperative radiograph results were similar between the groups. The complication rate was lower in the 3D printing group (2/7) than in the traditional method group (5/9). Interpretation. Computer-assisted simulation with 3D printing technology is a more efficient method for treating hip dislocation combined with acetabular fractures.

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Surgical Treatment for Posterior Dislocation of Hip Combined with Acetabular Fractures Using Preoperative Virtual Simulation and Three-Dimensional Printing Model-Assisted Precontoured Plate Fixation Techniques

Virtual Reality (VR) in orthopedic surgery has significantly increased in popularity in the areas of preoperative planning, intraoperative usage, and for education and training; however, its utilization lags behind other surgical disciplines and industries. The use of VR in orthopedics is largely focused on education and is currently endorsed by North American and European training committees. The use of VR in shoulder and elbow surgery has varying levels of evidence, from I to IV, and typically involves educational randomized controlled trials. To date, however, the terms and definitions surrounding VR technology used in the literature are often redundant, confusing, or outdated. The purpose of this review, therefore, was to characterize previous uses of VR in shoulder and elbow surgery in preoperative, intraoperative, and educational domains including trauma and elective surgery. Secondary objectives were to provide recommendations for updated terminology of immersive VR (iVR) as well as provide a framework for standardized reporting of research surrounding iVR in shoulder and elbow surgery.

The evolution of virtual reality in shoulder and elbow surgery

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/142153/1/__int.balgrist.ch_Data%24_Home2_FrustaciD_System_Desktop_2017_Vlachopoulos_A_Scale_Space_Curvature_Matching_Algorithm_For_The_Reconstruction_Of_Complex_Proximal_Humeral_Fractures_MIA.pdf

A scale-space curvature matching algorithm for the reconstruction of complex proximal humeral fractures.

Identification of fracture zones and its application in automatic bone fracture reduction

Computer assisted preoperative planning of bone fracture reduction: Simulation techniques and new trends.

An efficient method for acquisition of spectral BRDFs in real-world scenarios

Hyperspectral data are being increasingly used for the characterization and understanding of real-world scenarios. In this field, UAV-based sensors bring the opportunity to collect multiple samples from different viewpoints. Thus, light-material interactions of real objects may be observed in outdoor scenarios with a significant spatial resolution (5 cm/pixel). Nevertheless, the generation of hyperspectral 3D data still poses challenges in post-processing due to the high geometric deformation of images. Most of the current solutions use both LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and hyperspectral sensors, which are integrated into the same acquisition system. However, these present several limitations due to errors derived from inertial measurements for data fusion and the spatial resolution according to the LiDAR capabilities. In this work, a method is proposed for the generation of hyperspectral point clouds. Input data are formed by push-broom hyperspectral images and 3D point clouds. On the one hand, the point clouds may be obtained by applying a typical photogrammetric workflow or LiDAR technology. Then, hyperspectral images are geometrically corrected and aligned with the RGB orthomosaic. Accordingly, hyperspectral data are ready to be mapped on the 3D point cloud. This procedure is implemented on the GPU by testing which points are visible for each pixel of the hyperspectral imagery. This work also provides a novel solution to generate, compress and render 3D hyperspectral point clouds, enabling the study of geometry and the hyperspectral response of natural and artificial materials in the real world. 

Generation of hyperspectral point clouds: Mapping, compression and rendering

The simulation of realistic fracture cases on geometric models representing bone structures is almost an unexplored field of research. These fractured models have several applications in computer-a...

Simulation of bone fractures via geometric techniques: an overview

The simulation of realistic fracture cases on geometric models representing bone structures is almost an unexplored field of research. These fractured models have many applications in computer-assisted methods that support specialist in fracture reduction interventions. For instance, the generation of specific fracture patterns can provide uncommon cases for training simulators or even can be used to improve machine-learning applications. This paper focuses on the issues to be considered in the generation of fractures on geometric models that represent bone structures. The main recent contributions for fracturing geometric models are examined and the challenges in terms of the application of real bone fracture patterns on geometric models are presented. Moreover, different alternatives for the evaluation of the results obtained by the geometric fracture generation algorithms when applied to bone structures are showed. Finally, the potential applications of the virtual generation of specific bone fractures are described.

J. Roberto Jiménez-Pérez

Papers

Computer assisted preoperative planning of bone fracture reduction: Simulation techniques and new trends.

An efficient method for acquisition of spectral BRDFs in real-world scenarios

Generation of hyperspectral point clouds: Mapping, compression and rendering

Simulation of bone fractures via geometric techniques: an overview

Issues on the Simulation of Geometric Fractures of Bone Models