Changes in spontaneous neural activity immediately after an acoustic trauma: implications for neural correlates of tinnitus.

ContextEach year, approximately 5000 infants are born in the United States
with moderate-to-profound, bilateral permanent hearing loss (PHL). Universal
newborn hearing screening (UNHS) has been proposed as a means to speed diagnosis
and treatment and thereby improve language outcomes in these children.ObjectivesTo identify strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the evidence supporting
UNHS and to compare the additional benefits and harms of UNHS with those of
selective screening of high-risk newborns.Data SourcesWe searched the MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsychINFO databases for relevant
articles published from 1994 to August 2001, using terms for hearing disorders,
infants or newborns, screening, and relevant treatments. We contacted experts
and reviewed reference lists to identify additional articles, including those
published before 1994.Study SelectionWe included controlled and observational studies of (1) the accuracy,
yield, and harms of screening using otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), auditory
brainstem response (ABR), or both in the general newborn population and (2)
the effects of screening or early identification and treatment on language
outcomes. Of an original 340 articles identified, 19 articles, including 1
controlled trial, met these inclusion criteria.Data ExtractionData on population, test performance, outcomes, and methodological quality
were extracted by 2 authors (D.C.T., H.M.) using prespecified criteria developed
by the US Preventive Services Task Force. We queried authors when information
needed to assess study quality was missing.Data SynthesisGood-quality studies show that from 2041 to 2794 low-risk and 86 to
208 high-risk newborns were screened to find 1 case of moderate-to-profound
PHL. The best estimate of positive predictive value was 6.7%. Six percent
to 15% of infants who are missed by the screening tests are subsequently diagnosed
with bilateral PHL. In a trial of UNHS vs clinical screening at age 8 months,
UNHS increased the proportion of infants with moderate-to-severe hearing loss
diagnosed by age 10 months (57% vs 14%) but did not reduce the rate of diagnosis
after age 18 months. No good-quality controlled study has compared UNHS with
selective screening of high-risk newborns. In fair- to poor-quality cohort
studies, intervention before age 6 months was associated with improved language
and communication skills by ages 2 to 5 years. These studies had unclear criteria
for selecting subjects, and none compared an inception cohort of low-risk
newborns identified by screening with those identified in usual care, making
it impossible to exclude selection bias as an explanation for the results.
In a mathematical model based on the literature review, we estimated that
extending screening to low-risk infants would detect 1 additional case before
age 10 months for every 1441 low-risk infants screened, and result in treatment
before 10 months of 1 additional case for every 2401 low-risk infants screened.
With UNHS, 254 newborns would be referred for audiological evaluation because
of false-positive second-stage screening test results vs 48 for selective
screening.ConclusionsModern screening tests for hearing impairment can improve identification
of newborns with PHL, but the efficacy of UNHS to improve long-term language
outcomes remains uncertain.

Universal newborn hearing screening: summary of evidence

We propose a rudimentary taxonomy of interactive data visualization based on a triad of data analytic tasks: finding Gestalt, posing queries, and making comparisons. These tasks are supported by three classes of interactive view manipulations: focusing, linking, and arranging views. This discussion extends earlier work on the principles of focusing and linking and sets them on a firmer base. Next, we give a high-level introduction to a particular system for multivariate data visualization—XGobi. This introduction is not comprehensive but emphasizes XGobi tools that are examples of focusing, linking, and arranging views; namely, high-dimensional projections, linked scatterplot brushing, and matrices of conditional plots. Finally, in a series of case studies in data visualization, we show the powers and limitations of particular focusing, linking, and arranging tools. The discussion is dominated by high-dimensional projections that form an extremely well-developed part of XGobi. Of particular inter...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/1390754

Interactive High-Dimensional Data Visualization

Discusses how the VisDB system supports the query specification process by representing the result visually. The main idea behind the system stems from the view of relational database tables as sets of multidimensional data where the number of attributes corresponds to the number of dimensions. In such a view, it is often unclear. In this system, each display pixel represents one database item. Pixels are arranged and colored to indicate the item's relevance to a user query and to give a visual impression of the resulting data set. >

/pdf/visdb-database-exploration-using-multidimensional-3ekni76o8s.pdf

VisDB: database exploration using multidimensional visualization

An integrative model of tinnitus based on a central gain controlling neural sensitivity.

An extensive study of magnetic, thermal, transport, and structural properties of the alloy Y{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Pr{sub {ital x}}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{ital y}} is presented. The endpoints of the alloy series are a high-temperature superconductor Y-Ba-Cu-O and an antiferromagnetic semiconductor (Pr-Ba-Cu-O, {ital T}{sub {ital N}}=17 K). The superconducting transition temperature is reduced with increasing Pr concentration following the Abrikosov-Gorkov pair-breaking curve with critical concentration {ital x}{sub cr}=0.62. Alloying also reduces the Neel temperature approximately linearly with the Y content, and there is a concentration region (0.4{lt}{ital x}{lt}0.6) where antiferromagnetism and superconductivity is suggested to coexist. The specific heat, the susceptibility, the magnetic ordering, and the metal-to-semiconductor transition seen in the resistivity are consistent with the picture that Y{sup 3+} is replaced by Pr{sup 4+} with some degree of valence admixture of the Pr{sup 3+} configuration.

Magnetic ordering and superconductivity in Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3O7-y.

A method and system for displaying a function in two dimensions where the function is made up of numerous independent variables and at least one dependent variable. A new independent variable value can be defined having values which correspond to the multiple dependent variables. The variable values are read into a computer and the independent variables are then ranked by the user from fastest- to slowest-running variable. Each dependent variable corresponding to the new independent variable is plotted along the Y-axis. The independent variable values are plotted along the X-axis in a hierarchical manner. The hierarchical manner involves a nesting of fastest-running variables within slower-running variables. Rectangles are then drawn to correspond to each variable value. Each rectangle horizontally encloses the faster-running variables associated with it.

Multi-dimensional graphing in two-dimensional space

Zero-field positive muon-spin-relaxation ({mu}{sup +}SR) measurements on (Y{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Pr{sub {ital x}})Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} ({ital x}=1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.58, and 0.54) show clear evidence for antiferromagnetic ordering of the Cu moments within the Cu-O planes. Neel temperatures are approximately 285, 220, 35, 30, and 20 K for {ital x}=1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.58, and 0.54, respectively. For {ital x}=0.50 we observe a fast-relaxing component and a long-time tail of the muon polarization, reminiscent of spin-glass behavior. Superconductivity and spin-glass-like magnetism appear to coexist for {ital x} near 0.50. For {ital x}=1.0 the fully developed local magnetic field is {similar to}16 mT, but decreases to {similar to}12 mT at {ital T}=17 K, presumably due to the onset of additional ordering. The Neel temperature for oxygen-reduced PRBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6} is approximately 325 K.

Magnetic ordering in (Y1-xPrx)Ba2Cu3O7 as observed by muon-spin relaxation.

"Scientific" Visualization has been driven by the need to visualize data sets that involve a large number of points and/or many "dimensions" or variables. However, many, or, perhaps all, fields of endeavor that use numeric data (including, finance, market research, management, manufacturing, process control, risk analysis, social services, health sciences, social sciences, physical sciences, computer science, applied mathematics, the engineering disciplines, and a host of other fields) deal with data sets of this type. Asking who can benefit from data visualization is like asking who can benefit from math or statistics. We present a hierarchical technique for visualizing truly multi-dimensional data that can be applied to any or all of these fields. The emphasis will be on visual statistical analysis of either discrete variables or continuous variables that have been sampled on, or binned to, a regular n-dimensional lattice.

Visualization and analysis of multi-variate data: a technique for all fields

The authors address the problem of visualizing a scalar dependent variable which is a function of many independent variables. In particular, cases where the number of independent variables is three or greater are discussed. A new hierarchical method of plotting that allows one to interactively view millions of data points with up to 10 independent variables is presented. The technique is confined to the case where each independent variable is sampled in a regular grid or lattice-like fashion, i.e., in equal increments. The proposed technique can be described in either an active or a passive manner. In the active view the points of the N-dimensional independent variables lattice are mapped to a single horizontal axis in a hierarchical manner, while in the passive view an observer samples the points of the N-dimensional lattice in a prescribed fashion and notes the values of the dependent variable. In the passive view a plot of the dependent variable versus a single parametric variable, which is simply the sampling number, forms the multidimensional graph. >

J. Schwegler

Papers

Magnetic ordering and superconductivity in Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3O7-y.

Multi-dimensional graphing in two-dimensional space

Magnetic ordering in (Y1-xPrx)Ba2Cu3O7 as observed by muon-spin relaxation.

Visualization and analysis of multi-variate data: a technique for all fields

Visualizing a scalar field on an N-dimensional lattice