Jacek F. Gieras

Bio: Jacek F. Gieras is an academic researcher from Goodrich Corporation. The author has contributed to research in topics: Stator & Rotor (electric). The author has an hindex of 22, co-authored 189 publications receiving 3960 citations. Previous affiliations of Jacek F. Gieras include University of Cape Town & Queen's University.

Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless Machines

Abstract: Introduction 11 Scope 12 Features 13 Development of AFPM Machines 14 Types of Axial Flwr PM Machines 15 Topologies and Geometries 16 Rotor Dynamics 17 Axial Magnetic Field Excited by PMs 18 PM Eddy-Current Brake as the Simplest AFPM Brushless Machine 19 AFPM Machines versus RFPM Machines 110 Power Limitation of AFPM Machines Numerical Examples 2 Principles of AFPM Machines 21 Magnetic Circuits 211 Single-Sided Machines 212 Double-Sided Machines With Internal PM DiscRotor 213 Double-Sided Machines With Internal Ring-Shaped Core Stator 214 Double-Sided Machines With Internal Slotted Stator 215 Double-Sided Machines With Internal Coreless Stator 216 Multidisc Machines 22 Windings 221 Three-Phase Windings Distributed in Slots 222 Toroidal Winding 223 Coreless Stator Winding 224 Non-Overlap (Salient Pole) Windings 23 Torque Production 24 Magnetic Flux 25 Electromagnetic Torque and EMF 26 Losses and Efficiency 261 Stator Winding Losses 262 Stator Core Losses 263 Core Loss Finite Element Model 264 Losses in Permanent Magnets 265 Rotor Core Losses 266 Eddy Current Losses in Stator Conductors 267 Rotational Losses 268 Losses for Nonsinusoidal Current 269 Efficiency 27 Phasor Diagrams 28 Sizing Equations 29 Armature Reaction 210 AFPM Motor 2101 Sine-Wave Motor 2102 Square-Wave Motor 211 AFPM Synchronous Generator 2111 Performance Characteristics of a Stand Alone Generator 2112 Synchronization With Utility Grid Numerical Examples 3 Materials and Fabrication 31 Stator Cores 311 Nonoriented Electrical Steels 312 Amorphous Ferromagnetic Alloys 313 Soft Magnetic Powder Composites 314 Fabrication of Stator Cores 32 Rotor Magnetic Circuits 321 PM Materials 322 Characteristics of PM Materials 323 Operating Diagram 324 Permeances for Main and Leakage Fluxes 325 Calculation of Magnetic Circuits With PMs 326 Fabrication of Rotor Magnetic Circuits 33 Windings 331 Conductors 332 Fabrication of Slotted Windings 333 Fabrication of Coreless Windings Numerical Examples 4 AFPM Machines With Iron Cores 41 Geometries 42 Commercial AFPM Machines With Stator Ferromagnetic Cores 43 Some Features of Iron-Cored AFPM Machines 44 Magnetic Flux Density Distribution in the Air Gap 45 Calculation of Reactances 451 Synchronous and Armature Reaction Reactances 452 Stator Leakage Reactance 46 Performance Characteristics 47 Performance Calculation 471 Sine-Wave AFPM Machine 472 Synchronous Generator 473 Square-Wave AFPM Machine 48 Finite Element Calculations Numerical Examples 5 AFPM Machines Without Stator Cores 51 Advantages and Disadvantages 52 Commercial Coreless Stator AFPM Machines 53 Coreless Stator AFPM Microgenerators 54 Performance Calculation 541 Steady-State Performance 542 Dynamic Performance 55 Calculation of Coreless Winding Inductances 551 Classical Approach 552 FEM Approach 56 Performance Characteristics 57 Performance of Coreless Non-Overlap Winding AFPM Machines 58 Eddy Current Losses in the Stator Windings 581 Eddy Current Loss Resistance 582 Reduction of Eddy Current Losses 583 Reduction of Circulating Current Losses 584 Measurement of Eddy Current Losses 59 Armature Reaction 510 Mechanical Design Features 5101 Mechanical Strength Analysis 5102 Imbalanced Axial Force on the Stator 511 Thermal Problems Numerical Examples 6 AFPM Machines Without Stator and Rotor Cores 61 Advantages and Disadvantages 62 Topology and Construction 63 Air Gap Magnetic Flux Density 64 Electromagnetic Torque and EMF 65 Commercial Coreless AFPM Motors 66 Case Study: Low-Speed AFPM Coreless Brushless Motor 661 Performance Characteristics 662 Cost Analysis 663 Comparison With Cylindrical Motor With Laminated Stator and Rotor Cores 67 Case Study: Low-Speed Coreless AFPM Brushless Generator 68 Characterist

Permanent magnet motor technology : design and applications

Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction 1.1 Permanent magnet versus electromagnetic excitation 1.2 Permanent magnet motor drives 1.3 Towards increasing the motor efficiency 1.4 Classification of permanent magnet electric motors 1.5 Trends in permanent magnet motors and drives industry 1.6 Applications of permanent magnet motors 1.7 Mechatronics 1.8 Fundamentals of mechanics of machines 1.9 Torque balance equation 1.10 Evaluation of cost of a PM motor 2. Permanent Magnet Materials and Circuits 2.1 Demagnetization curve and magnetic parameters 2.2 Early history of permanent magnets 2.3 Properties of permanent magnets 2.4 Approximation of demagnetization curve and recoil line 2.5 Operating diagram 2.6 Permeances for main and leakage fluxes 2.7 Calculation of magnetic circuits with permanent magnets 2.8 Mallinson-Halbach array and Halbach cylinder 3. Finite Element Analysis 3.1. Gradient, divergence and curl 3.2 Biot-Savart, Faraday's, and Gauss's laws 3.3 Gauss's theorem 3.4 Stokes' theorem 3.5 Maxwell's equations 3.6 Magnetic vector potential 3.7 Energy functionals 3.8 Finite element formulation 3.9 Boundary conditions 3.10 Mesh generation 3.11 Forces and torques in electromagnetic field 3.12 Inductances 3.13 Interactive FEM programs 4. Permanent Magnet d.c. Commutator Motors 4.1 Construction 4.2 Fundamental equations 4.3 Sizing procedure 4.4 Armature reaction 4.5 Commutation 4.6 Starting 4.7 Speed control 4.8 Servo motors 4.9 Magnetic circuit 4.10 Applications 5. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors 5.1 Construction 5.2 Fundamental relationships 5.3 Phasor diagram 5.4 Characteristics 5.5 Starting 5.6 Reactances 5.7 Rotor configurations 5.8 Comparison between synchronous and induction motors 5.9 Sizing procedure and main dimensions 5.10 Performance calculation 5.11 Dynamic model of a PM motor 5.12 Noise and vibration of electromagnetic origin 5.13 Applications 6. d.c. Brushless Motors 6.1 Fundamental equations 6.2 Commutation of PM brushless motors 6.3 EMF and torque of PM brushless motors 6.4 Torque-speed characteristics 6.5 Winding losses 6.6 Torque ripple 6.7 Rotor position sensing of d.c. brushless motors 6.8 Sensorless motors 6.9 Motion Control of PM brushless motors 6.10 Universal brushless motor electromechanical drives 6.11 Smart motors 6.12 Applications 7. Axial Flux Motors 7.1 Force and torque 7.2 Performance 7.3 Double-sided motor with internal PM disk rotor 7.4 Double-sided motor with one stator 7.5 Single-sided motors 7.6 Ironless double-sided motors 7.7 Multidisk motors 7.8 Applications 8. High Power Density Brushless Motors 8.1 Design considerations 8.2 Requirements 8.3 Multiphase motors 8.4 Fault-tolerant PM brushless machines 8.5 Surface PM versus salient-pole rotor 8.6 Electromagnetic effects 8.7 Cooling 8.8 Construction of motors with cylindrical rotors 8.9 Construction of motors with disk rotors 8.10 Transverse flux motors 8.11 Applications 9. High Speed Motors 9.1 Why high speed motors? 9.2 Mechanical requirements 9.3 Construction of high speed PM brushless motors 9.4 Design of high speed PM brushless motors 9.5 Ultra high speed motors 9.6 Applications 10. Brushless Motors of Special Construction 10.1 Single-phase motors 10.2 Actuators for automotive 10.3 Integrated starter-generator 10.4 Large diameter motors 10.5 Three-axis torque motor 10.6 Slotless motors 10.7 Tip driven fan motors 11. Stepping Motors 11.1 Features of stepping motors 11.2 Fundamental equations 11.3 PM stepping motors 11.4 Reluctance stepping motors 11.5 Hybrid stepping motors 11.6 Motion control of stepping motors 11.7 PM stepping motors with rotor position transducers 11.8 Single-phase stepping motors 11.9 Voltage Equations and Electromagnetic Torque 11.10 Characteristics 11.11 Applications 12. Micromotors 12.1 What is a micromotor? 12.2 Permanent magnet brushless micromotors 12.3 Applications 13. Optimization 13.1 Mathematical formulation of optimization problem 13.2 Nonlinear programming methods 13.3 Population-based incremental learning 13.4 Response surface methodology 13.5 Modern approach to optimization of PM motors 14. Maintenance 14.1 Basic requirements to electric motors 14.2 Reliability 14.3 Failures of electric motors 14.4 Calculation of reliability of small PM brushless motors 14.5 Vibration and noise 14.6 Condition monitoring 14.7 Protection 14.8 Electromagnetic and radio frequency interference 14.9 Lubrication Appendices A. Leakage Inductance of a.c. Stator Windings B. Losses in a.c. Motors Symbols and Abbreviations References Index

Noise of polyphase electric motors

Abstract: GENERATION AND RADIATION OF NOISE IN ELECTRICAL MACHINES Vibration, Sound, and Noise Sound Waves Sources of Noise in Electrical Machines Energy Conversion Process Noise Limits and Measurement Procedures for Electrical Machines Deterministic and Statistical Methods of Noise Prediction Economical Aspects Accuracy of Noise Prediction MAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIAL FORCES IN POLYPHASE MOTORS FED WITH SINUSOIDAL CURRENTS Construction of Induction Motors Construction of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Brushless Motors A.C. Stator Windings Stator Winding MMF Rotor Magnetic Field Calculation of Air Gap Magnetic Field Radial Forces Other Sources of Electromagnetic Vibration and Noise INVERTER-FED MOTORS Generation of Higher Time Harmonics Analysis of Radial Forces for Nonsinusoidal Currents Higher Time Harmonic Torques in Induction Machines Higher Time Harmonic Torques in Permanent Magnet (PM) Brushless Machines Influence of the Switching Frequency of an Inverter Noise Reduction of Inverter-Fed Motors TORQUE PULSATIONS Analytical Methods of Instantaneous Torque Calculation Numerical Methods of Instantaneous Torque Calculation Electromagnetic Torque Components Sources of Torque Pulsations Higher Harmonic Torques of Induction Motors Cogging Torque in Permanent Magnet (PM) Brushless Motors Torque Ripple Due to Distortion of EMF and Current Waveforms in Permanent Magnet (PM) Brushless Motors Tangential Forces vs. Radial Forces Minimization of Torque Ripple in PM Brushless Motors STATOR SYSTEM VIBRATION ANALYSIS Forced Vibration Simplified Calculation of Natural Frequencies of the Stator System Improved Analytical Method of Calculation of Natural Frequencies Numerical Verification ACOUSTIC CALCULATIONS Sound Radiation Efficiency Plane Radiator Infinitely Long Cylindrical Radiator Finite Length Cylindrical Radiator Calculations of Sound Power Level NOISE AND VIBRATION OF MECHANICAL AND AERODYNAMIC ORIGIN Mechanical Noise Due to Shaft and Rotor Irregularities Bearing Noise Noise Due to Toothed Gear Trains Aerodynamic Noise Mechanical Noise Generated by the Load ACOUSTIC AND VIBRATION INSTRUMENTATION Measuring System and Transducers Measurement of Sound Pressure Acoustic Measurement Procedure Vibration Measurements Frequency Analyzers Sound Power and Sound Pressure Indirect Methods of Sound Power Measurement Direct Method of Sound Power Measurement: Sound Intensity Technique Standard for Testing Acoustic Performance of Rotating Electrical Machines NUMERICAL ANALYSIS Introduction FEM Model for Radial Magnetic Pressure FEM for Structural Modeling BEM for Acoustic Radiation Discussion STATISTICAL ENERGY ANALYSIS Introduction Power Flow Between Linearly Coupled Oscillators Coupled Multimodal Systems Experimental SEA Application to Electrical Motors NOISE CONTROL Mounting Standard Methods of Noise Reduction Active Noise and Vibration Control APPENDIX A: BASICS OF ACOUSTICS Sound Field Variables and Wave Equations Sound Radiation from a Point Source Decibel Levels and Their Calculations Spectrum Analysis APPENDIX B: PERMEANCE OF NONUNIFORM AIR GAP Permeance Calculation Eccentricity Effect APPENDIX C: MAGNETIC SATURATION APPENDIX D: BASICS OF VIBRATION A Mass-Spring-Damper Oscillator Lumped Parameter Systems Continuous Systems SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

Linear Synchronous Motors : Transportation and Automation Systems

Abstract: Topology and Selection Definitions, Geometry, and Thrust Generation Linear Synchronous Motor Topologies Calculation of Forces Linear Motion Selection of Linear Motors Materials and Construction Materials Laminated Ferromagnetic Cores Permanent Magnets Conductors Principles of Superconductivity Laminated Stacks Armature Windings of Slotted Cores Slotless Armature Systems Electromagnetic Excitation Systems Superconducting Excitation Systems Hybrid Linear Stepping Motors Theory of Linear Synchronous Motors Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Motors with Superconducting Excitation Coils Variable Reluctance Motors Permanent Magnet Hybrid Motors Motion Control Control of AC Motors EMF and Thrust of PM Synchronous and Brushless Motors Dynamic Model of a PM Motor Thrust and Speed Control of PM Motors Control of Hybrid Stepping Motors Precision Linear Positioning Sensors Linear Optical Sensors Linear magnetic Encoders High Speed Maglev Transport Electromagnetic and Electrodynamic Levitation Transrapid System (Germany) Yamanashi Maglev Test Line in Japan Swissmetro Marine Express Building and Factory Transportation Systems Elevator Hoisting Machines Ropeless Elevators Assessment of Hoist Performance Horizontal Transportation systems Industrial Automation Systems Automation of Manufacturing Processes Casting Processes Machining Processes Welding and Thermal Cutting Surface Treatment and Finishing Material Handling Testing Industrial Laser Applications Appendix A Magnetic Circuits with Permanent Magnets Appendix B Permeances for Magnetic Fluxes Appendix C Performance Calculations for PM LSMs Symbols and Abbreviations References

Linear induction drives

Abstract: 1. Review of constructions 2. Applications 3. Electromagnetic effects 4. Flat and tubular motors 5. Analysis of linear drives 6. Inverter-fed motors 7. Design 8. Experimental tests References Index

Magnetic materials and devices for the 21st century: Stronger, lighter, and more energy efficient

Abstract: A new energy paradigm, consisting of greater reliance on renewable energy sources and increased concern for energy effi ciency in the total energy lifecycle, has accelerated research into energy-related technologies. Due to their ubiquity, magnetic materials play an important role in improving the effi ciency and performance of devices in electric power generation, conditioning, conversion, transportation, and other energy-use sectors of the economy. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art hard and soft magnets and magnetocaloric materials, with an emphasis on their optimization for energy applications. Specifi cally, the impact of hard magnets on electric motor and transportation technologies, of soft magnetic materials on electricity generation and conversion technologies, and of magnetocaloric materials for refrigeration technologies, are discussed. The synthesis, characterization, and property evaluation of the materials, with an emphasis on structure‐property relationships, are discussed in the context of their respective markets, as well as their potential impact on energy effi ciency. Finally, considering future bottlenecks in raw materials, options for the recycling of rare-earth intermetallics for hard magnets will be discussed.

High-Speed Electrical Machines: Technologies, Trends, and Developments

Abstract: This paper reviews the current technologies used in high-speed electrical machines through an extensive survey of different topologies developed and built in the industry and academia for several applications. Developments in materials and components, including electrical steels and copper alloys, are discussed, and their impact on the machines' operating physical boundaries is investigated. The main application areas pulling the development of high-speed machines are also reviewed to better understand the typical performance requirements.

Analytical calculation of magnetic field distribution in the slotted air gap of a surface permanent-magnet motor using complex relative air-gap permeance

Abstract: We present an analytical method for calculation of no-load magnetic field distribution in the slotted air gap of a surface permanent-magnet (PM) motor with radial or parallel magnetization. The method introduces the notion of complex relative air-gap permeance, calculated from the conformal transformation of the slot geometry, to take into account the effect of slotting. As a result, an accurate solution of both radial and tangential components of the flux density can be obtained which shows excellent agreement with the results of finite-element simulations. As an example of the effectiveness of the model, we present calculations of the back electromotive force and the cogging torque waveforms in a surface PM motor.

Microwave–material interaction phenomena: Heating mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in material processing

Abstract: Efforts to use microwaves in material processing are gradually increasing. However, the phenomena associated with the processing are less understood; popular mechanisms such as dipolar heating and conduction heating have been mostly explored. The current paper reviews most of the significant phenomena that cause heating during microwave–material interaction and heat transfer during microwave energy absorption in materials. Mechanisms involved during interaction of microwave with characteristically different materials – metals, non-metals and composites (metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites and polymer matrix composites) have been discussed using suitable illustrations. It was observed that while microwave heating of metal based materials is due to the magnetic field based loss effects, dipolar loss and conduction loss are the phenomena associated with the electric field effects in microwave heating of non-metals. Challenges in processing of advanced materials, particularly composites have been identified from the available literature; further research directions with possible benefits have been highlighted.

Comparative Study of Interior Permanent Magnet, Induction, and Switched Reluctance Motor Drives for EV and HEV Applications

Abstract: With rapid electrification of transportation, it is becoming increasingly important to have a comprehensive understanding of criteria used in motor selection. This paper presents the design and comparative evaluation for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with distributed winding and concentrated winding, induction motor (IM), and switched reluctance motor (SRM) for an electric vehicle (EV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application. A fast finite element analysis (FEA) modeling approach is addressed for IM design. To account for highly nonlinear motor parameters and achieve high motor efficiency, optimal current trajectories are obtained by extensive mapping for IPMSMs and IM. Optimal turn- on and turn- off angles with current chopping control and angular position control are found for SRM. Additional comparison including noise vibration and harshness (NVH) is also highlighted. Simulation and analytical results show that each motor topology demonstrates its own unique characteristic for EVs/HEVs. Each motor’s highest efficiency region is located at different torque-speed regions for the criteria defined. Stator geometry, pole/slot combination, and control strategy differentiate NVH performance.