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Jack C. Yu

Bio: Jack C. Yu is an academic researcher from Georgia Regents University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Craniofacial & Iterative closest point. The author has an hindex of 25, co-authored 118 publications receiving 2653 citations. Previous affiliations of Jack C. Yu include Cedars-Sinai Medical Center & University of Pennsylvania.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The five major molecular subtypes in breast cancer are evidently different with regard to their ability to metastasize to distant organ(s), and share biological features and pathways with their preferred distant metastatic site.
Abstract: We explored whether the five previously reported molecular subtypes in breast cancer show a preference for organ-specific relapse and searched for molecular pathways involved. The "intrinsic" gene list describing the subtypes was used to classify 344 primary breast tumors of lymph node-negative patients. Fisher exact tests were used to determine the association between a tumor subtype and a particular site of distant relapse in these patients who only received local treatment. Modulated genes and pathways were identified in the various groups using Significance Analysis of Microarrays and Global Testing. Bone relapse patients were most abundant in the luminal subtypes but were found less than expected in the basal subtype. The reverse was true for lung and brain relapse patients with the remark that absence of lung relapse was luminal A specific. Finally, a pleura relapse, although rare, was found almost exclusively in both luminal subtypes. Many differentially expressed genes were identified, of which several were in common in a subtype and the site to which the subtype preferentially relapsed. WNT signaling was up-regulated in the basal subtype and in brain-specific relapse, and down-modulated in the luminal B subtype and in bone-specific relapse. Focal adhesion was found up-regulated in the luminal A subtype but down-regulated in lung relapse. The five major molecular subtypes in breast cancer are evidently different with regard to their ability to metastasize to distant organ(s), and share biological features and pathways with their preferred distant metastatic site.

725 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review provides an analogy from a national defense perspective by providing the known biological counterparts of all five core operational elements, the five Ds of defense, detection, discrimination, deployment, destruction, and de-escalation, with special focus on innate immunity, maternal support, and influence during the neonatal and infancy periods.
Abstract: Many important events occur at birth. The fetus is suddenly removed from a protected intra-uterine environment that is aquatic, warm, and nearly sterile, to the dry, cold external world laden with microbes. From this external environment, it must obtain nutrients and oxygen; and to that external environment, it expels metabolic wastes, with trillions of other organisms competing with it to do the same. This is the biotic process that exposes the neonate to an ecosystem in which it is a heterotrophic member. For microbial organisms in that same environment, the neonate is a both an ideal living space and a good source of food. To survive, the neonate must interact with many organisms, making use of some, while vigorously defending against the others like a nation conducting trade with friendly countries while guarding against hostile ones from invading it, waging wars if necessary. The neonatal immune system is tolerant to self, permits interactions with beneficial microbes, and provides defense against the harmful microbes. This review draws analogy from a national defense perspective because of the great similarities between that and the immune system in terms of function, needs, and limitations. Both are essential and potentially dangerous. Both require training, resources, maintenance, intermittent reactive expansion, judicious deployment, and demobilization. We will provide the known biological counterparts of all five core operational elements, the five Ds of defense -- detection, discrimination, deployment, destruction, de-escalation, with special focus on innate immunity, maternal support and influence during the neonatal and infancy periods.

162 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2006-Bone
TL;DR: The data show that mice lose a significant amount of muscle and bone tissue with age, and this loss of musculoskeletal tissue is accompanied by a drop in serum leptin and preceded by a significant decrease in physical activity.

136 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data presented here demonstrate that increased suture complexity was observed in a hypermuscular mouse model (GDF8(-/-)) with significantly increased temporalis muscle mass and bite forces, and suggest that cranial suture connective tissue locally adapts to functional demands of the biomechanical suture environment.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to test predicted form-function relationships between cranial suture complexity and masticatory muscle mass and biomechanics in a mouse model. Specifically, to test the hypothesis that increased masticatory muscle mass increases sagittal suture complexity, we measured the fractal dimension (FD), temporalis mass, and temporalis bite force in myostatin-deficient (GDF8(-/-)) mice and wild-type CD-1 mice (all male, 6 months old). Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle mass, and myostatin-deficient mice show a marked increase in muscle mass compared to normal mice. We predicted that increased sagittal suture complexity would decrease suture stiffness. The data presented here demonstrate that increased suture complexity (measured as FD) was observed in a hypermuscular mouse model (GDF8(-/-)) with significantly increased temporalis muscle mass and bite forces. Hypermuscular mice were also found to possess suture connective tissue that was less stiff (i.e., underwent more displacement before failure occurred) when loaded in tension. By decreasing stiffness, suture complexity apparently helps to dissipate mechanical loads within the cranium that are related to chewing. These results suggest that cranial suture connective tissue locally adapts to functional demands of the biomechanical suture environment. As such, cranial sutures provide a novel model for studies in connective tissue mechanotransduction.

117 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Considering potential side effects from ionizing radiation, risks of sedation, and costs, surgeons may wish to reserve computed tomographic scans only for infants with suspected single-sutural craniosynostosis in whom the physical examination is not clearly diagnostic.
Abstract: Background:Computed tomographic scan evaluation is the current standard of care for diagnosing craniosynostosis. Recent publications, and the National Cancer Institute, have raised concerns about ionizing radiation associated with computed tomographic scans in children (e.g., developmental delays, t

112 citations


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01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: Comprehensive and up-to-date, this book includes essential topics that either reflect practical significance or are of theoretical importance and describes numerous important application areas such as image based rendering and digital libraries.
Abstract: From the Publisher: The accessible presentation of this book gives both a general view of the entire computer vision enterprise and also offers sufficient detail to be able to build useful applications. Users learn techniques that have proven to be useful by first-hand experience and a wide range of mathematical methods. A CD-ROM with every copy of the text contains source code for programming practice, color images, and illustrative movies. Comprehensive and up-to-date, this book includes essential topics that either reflect practical significance or are of theoretical importance. Topics are discussed in substantial and increasing depth. Application surveys describe numerous important application areas such as image based rendering and digital libraries. Many important algorithms broken down and illustrated in pseudo code. Appropriate for use by engineers as a comprehensive reference to the computer vision enterprise.

3,627 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Breast cancer subtypes are associated with distinct patterns of metastatic spread with notable differences in survival after relapse, and luminal/HER2 and HER2-enriched tumors were associated with a significantly higher rate of brain, liver, and lung metastases.
Abstract: Purpose Prognostic and predictive factors are well established in early-stage breast cancer, but less is known about which metastatic sites will be affected. Methods Patients with early-stage breast cancer diagnosed between 1986 and 1992 with archival tissue were included. Subtypes were defined as luminal A, luminal B, luminal/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), HER2 enriched, basal-like, and triple negative (TN) nonbasal. Distant sites were classified as brain, liver, lung, bone, distant nodal, pleural/peritoneal, and other. Cumulative incidence curves were estimated for each site according to competing risks methods. Association between the site of relapse and subtype was assessed in multivariate models using logistic regression. Results Median follow-up time among 3,726 eligible patients was 14.8 years. Median durations of survival with distant metastasis were 2.2 (luminal A), 1.6 (luminal B), 1.3 (luminal/HER2), 0.7 (HER2 enriched), and 0.5 years (basal-like; P < .001). Bone was the most ...

1,768 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall estimates of genetic diversity and differentiation among populations confirm the biogeographic hypothesis that large panmictic oceanic populations have repeatedly given rise to phenotypically divergent freshwater populations and identify several novel regions showing parallel differentiation across independent populations.
Abstract: Next-generation sequencing technology provides novel opportunities for gathering genome-scale sequence data in natural populations, laying the empirical foundation for the evolving field of population genomics. Here we conducted a genome scan of nucleotide diversity and differentiation in natural populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We used Illumina-sequenced RAD tags to identify and type over 45,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each of 100 individuals from two oceanic and three freshwater populations. Overall estimates of genetic diversity and differentiation among populations confirm the biogeographic hypothesis that large panmictic oceanic populations have repeatedly given rise to phenotypically divergent freshwater populations. Genomic regions exhibiting signatures of both balancing and divergent selection were remarkably consistent across multiple, independently derived populations, indicating that replicate parallel phenotypic evolution in stickleback may be occurring through extensive, parallel genetic evolution at a genome-wide scale. Some of these genomic regions co-localize with previously identified QTL for stickleback phenotypic variation identified using laboratory mapping crosses. In addition, we have identified several novel regions showing parallel differentiation across independent populations. Annotation of these regions revealed numerous genes that are candidates for stickleback phenotypic evolution and will form the basis of future genetic analyses in this and other organisms. This study represents the first high-density SNP–based genome scan of genetic diversity and differentiation for populations of threespine stickleback in the wild. These data illustrate the complementary nature of laboratory crosses and population genomic scans by confirming the adaptive significance of previously identified genomic regions, elucidating the particular evolutionary and demographic history of such regions in natural populations, and identifying new genomic regions and candidate genes of evolutionary significance.

1,406 citations