There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Colloidal particles act in many ways like surfactant molecules, particularly if adsorbed to a fluid–fluid interface. Just as the water or oil-liking tendency of a surfactant is quantified in terms of the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) number, so can that of a spherical particle be described in terms of its wettability via contact angle. Important differences exist, however, between the two types of surface-active material, due in part to the fact that particles are strongly held at interfaces. This review attempts to correlate the behaviour observed in systems containing either particles or surfactant molecules in the areas of adsorption to interfaces, partitioning between phases and solid-stabilised emulsions and foams.

Particles as surfactants—similarities and differences

Emulsions stabilised solely by colloidal particles

1: Magnetic Particles: Preparation, Properties and Applications: M. Ozaki. 2: Maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3): A Versatile Magnetic Colloidal Material C.J. Serna, M.P. Morales. 3: Dynamics of Adsorption and Oxidation of Organic Molecules on Illuminated Titanium Dioxide Particles Immersed in Water M.A. Blesa, R.J. Candal, S.A. Bilmes. 4: Colloidal Aggregation in Two-Dimensions A. Moncho-Jorda, F. Martinez-Lopez, M.A. Cabrerizo-Vilchez, R. Hidalgo Alvarez, M. Quesada-PMerez. 5: Kinetics of Particle and Protein Adsorption Z. Adamczyk.

Surface and Colloid Science

PREFACE COPYRIGHT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CHAPTER 1 MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES 11 Units 12 Physical Constants and Conversion Factors 13 Frequently used Functions 14 Vector Operations 15 Tensor Operations 16 Vector and Tensor Integral Theorems 17 References CHAPTER 2 COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS 21 The Colloidal State 22 Colloidal Phenomena 23 Stabilization of Colloids 24 Preparation of Colloidal Systems 25 Purification of Sols 26 A Historical Summary 27 Electrokinetic Phenomena in Modern Colloid Science 28 Nomenclature 29 References CHAPTER 3 ELECTROSTATICS 31 Basic Electrostatics in Free Space 32 Summary of Electrostatic Equations in Free Space 33 Electrostatic Classification of Materials 34 Basic Electrostatics in Dielectrics 35 Boundary Conditions for Electrostatic Equations 36 Maxwell Stress for a Linear Dielectric 37 Maxwell's Equations of Electromagnetism 38 Nomenclature 39 References CHAPTER 4 APPLICATION OF ELECTROSTATICS 41 Two-Dimensional Dielectric Slab in an External Electric Field 42 A Dielectric Sphere in an External Electric Field 43 A Conducting Sphere in an External Electric Field 44 Charged Disc and Two Parallel Discs in a Dielectric Medium 45 Point Charges in a Dielectric Medium 46 Nomenclature 47 Problems 48 References CHAPTER 5 ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER 51 Electric Double Layers at Charged Interfaces 52 Potential for Planar Electric Double Layer 53 Potential for Curved Electric Double Layer 54 Electrostatic Interaction between Two Planar Surfaces 55 Electrostatic Potential Energy 56 Electrostatic Interactions between Curved Geometries 561 The Derjaguin Approximation 57 Models of Surface Potentials 58 Zeta Potential 59 Summary of Gouy-Chapman Model 510 Nomenclature 511 Problems 512 References CHAPTER 6 FUNDAMENTAL TRANSPORT EQUATIONS 61 Single-Component System 62 Multicomponent Systems 63 Hydrodynamics of Colloidal Systems 64 Summary of Governing Equations 65 Nomenclature 66 Problems 67 References CHAPTER 7 ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA 71 Electroosmosis 72 Streaming Potential 73 Electrophoresis 74 Sedimentation Potential 75 Non-Equilibrium Processes and Onsager Relationships 76 Nomenclature 77 References CHAPTER 8 FLOW IN MICROCHANNELS 81 Liquid Flow in Channels 82 Electroosmotic Flow in a Slit Charged Microchannel 83 Electroosmotic Flow in a Closed Slit Microchannel 84 Effectiveness of Electroosmotic Flow 85 Electric Current in Electroosmotic Flow in Slit Channels 86 Streaming Potential in Slit Channels 87 Electroviscous Flow in Slit Microchannels 88 Electroosmotic flow in a Circular Charged Capillary 89 High Surface Potential 810 Surface Conductance 811 Solute Dispersion in Microchannels 812 Nomenclature 813 Problems 814 References CHAPTER 9 ELECTROPHORESIS 91 Introduction 92 Electrophoresis of a Single Charged Sphere 93 Improved Solutions: Arbitrary Debye Length 94 Electrophoretic Mobility in Concentrated Suspensions 95 Circular Cylinders Normal to the Electric Field 96 Nomenclature 97 Problems 98 References CHAPTER 10 SEDIMENTATION POTENTIAL 101 Sedimentation of Uncharged Spherical Particles 102 Concept of Sedimentation Potential and Velocity 103 Dilute Suspensions: Ohshima's Model 104 Sedimentation Potential of Concentrated Suspensions 105 Nomenclature 106 Problems 107 References CHAPTER 11 LONDON-VAN DERWAALS FORCES ANDTHE DLVOTHEORY 111 Dispersion Forces Between Bodies in Vacuum 112 Hamaker's Approach 113 Effects of Intervening Medium 114 DLVO Theory of Colloidal Interactions 115 Schulze-Hardy Rule 116 Verification of the DLVO Theory 117 Limitations of DLVO Theory 118 Nomenclature 119 Problems 1110 References CHAPTER 12 COAGULATION OF PARTICLES 121 Introduction 122 Dynamics of Coagulation 123 Brownian Motion 124 Collision Frequency 125 Brownian Coagulation 126 Coagulation due to Shear 127 Nomenclature 128 Problems 129 References CHAPTER 13 DEPOSITION OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES 131 Introduction 132 Classical Deposition Mechanisms 133 Eulerian Approach 134 Lagrangian Approach 135 Deposition Efficiency and Sherwood Number 136 Experimental Verifications 137 Application of Deposition Theory 138 Summary of Dimensionless Groups 139 Nomenclature 1310 Problems 1311 References CHAPTER 14 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA 141 Tools and Methods for Computer Based Simulations 142 Numerical Solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann Equation 26 Validation of Numerical Results 143 Flow of Electrolyte in a Charged Cylindrical Capillary in a Capillary Microchannel 144 Analysis of Electrophoretic Mobility 145 Concluding Remarks 146 Nomenclature 147 Problems 148 References CHAPTER 15 ELECTROKINETIC APPLICATIONS 151 Introduction 152 Electrokinetic Salt Rejection in Porous Media and Membranes 153 Electroosmotic Control of HazardousWastes 154 Iontophoretic Delivery of Drugs 155 Flotation of Oil Droplets and Fine Particles 156 Rheology of Colloidal Suspensions 157 Bitumen Extraction From Oil Sands 158 Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Applications 159 Nomenclature 1510 References INDEX

Electrokinetic and Colloid Transport Phenomena

Electrokinetic and Colloid Transport Phenomena: Masliyah/Electrokinetic and Colloid Transport Phenomena

The current state of knowledge on the fundamentals of bitumen recovery from Athabasca oil sands using water-based extraction methods is reviewed. Instead of investigating bitumen extraction as a black box, the bitumen extraction process has been discussed and analyzed as individual steps: Oil sand lump size reduction, bitumen liberation, aeration, flotation and interactions among the different components that make up an oil sand slurry. With the development and adoption of advanced analytical instrumentations, our understanding of bitumen extraction at each individual step has been extended from the macroscopic scale down to the molecular level. How to improve bitumen recovery and bitumen froth quality from poor processing ores is still a future challenge in oil sands processing.

Understanding Water‐Based Bitumen Extraction from Athabasca Oil Sands

Modeling forced liquid convection in rectangular microchannels with electrokinetic effects

The role of Athabasca asphaltene particles and molecules in stabilizing emulsions was examined by measuring the surface area of water-in-toluene/hexane emulsions stabilized by various asphaltene fractions, each with a different proportion of soluble and insoluble asphaltenes. The stabilized interfacial area was found to depend only on the amount of soluble asphaltenes. Furthermore, the amount of asphaltenes on the interface was consistent with molecular monolayer coverage. Hence, at low concentrations, asphaltenes appear to both act as a molecular surfactant and stabilize emulsions. The effect of the hexane : toluene ratio on emulsion stability was examined as well. At lower hexane : toluene ratios, more asphaltenes were soluble but the surface activity of a given asphaltene molecule was reduced. The two effects oppose each other but, in general, a smaller fraction of asphaltenes appeared to stabilize emulsions at lower hexane : toluene ratios. The results imply that the emulsifying capacity of asphaltenes is reduced but not eliminated in better solvents.

Jacob H. Masliyah

Papers

Electrokinetic and Colloid Transport Phenomena

Electrokinetic and Colloid Transport Phenomena: Masliyah/Electrokinetic and Colloid Transport Phenomena

Understanding Water‐Based Bitumen Extraction from Athabasca Oil Sands

Modeling forced liquid convection in rectangular microchannels with electrokinetic effects

Water-in-Hydrocarbon Emulsions Stabilized by Asphaltenes at Low Concentrations