Jacques Leplat

Abstract: This book is about the nature of human error and the implications for design of modern industrial installations. It is the first book discussing the topic from the point of view of cognitive psychology, social psychology and safety engineering. Advanced students, researchers and professional psychologists in industrial psychology/human factors and engineers or systems designers concerned with man-machine systems will find this book essential reading.

Abstract: Partial table of contents: INTRODUCTION: AN OVERVIEW OF THE FIELD. Distributed Decision Making: Some Notes on the Literature (B. Brehmer). APPROACHES TO MODELING THE ORGANIZATION OF COOPERATIVE WORK AND DECISION MAKING. Cooperative Work: A Conceptual Framework (K. Schmidt). SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN MODELING DECISION MAKING IN SOCIAL SYSTEMS. Responsibility Allocation in Modern Technology (F. Rapp). FIELD STUDIES OF COOPERATIVE WORK. A Method for Tactical Reasoning (MTR) in Emergency Management: Analysis of Individual Acquisition and Collective Implementation (R. Samurcay & J. Rogalski). EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN SIMULATED TASK ENVIRONMENTS. Dynamic Decision Making: The Effects of Task Complexity and Feedback Delay (B. Brehmer & R. Allard). SIMULATION OF DECISION PROCESSES. Decision Models and the Design of Knowledge-Based Systems (M. Lind). METHODOLOGICAL CONCLUSION. Use of Simulation in the Study of Complex Decision Making (B. Brehmer, et al.). Author Index. Subject Index.

Abstract: Hollnagel est deja l’auteur d’une œuvre importante relative a l’ergonomie de la securite et a des problemes generaux d’ergonomie cognitive (notamment avec des recherches sur les systemes cognitifs conjoints, « joint cognitive systems »). Il est de ceux qui ont joue un role important dans la diffusion de l’ingenierie de la resilience qui contribue a enrichir et renouveler les recherches sur la securite et la fiabilite ; le theme du present ouvrage s’inscrit dans cette derniere perspective. Pou...

Abstract: RESUME Cet article vise a examiner le role de la methode clinique en ergonomie et en psychologie du travail. La premiere partie montre que cette methode est presente des les debuts de ces disciplines ou elle constitue un moyen privilegie d’acquisition des connaissances sur les situations de travail et en particulier pour la conception des interventions. Par la suite, c’est la seconde partie, la methode clinique s’est enrichie en devenant un instrument de transformation des situations de travail, sans perdre sa fonction d’acquisition de connaissances.

Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. The emergence of learning activity as a historical form of human learning 3. The zone of proximal development as the basic category of expansive research 4. The instruments of expansion 5. Toward an expansive methodology 6. Epilogue.

Abstract: Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Abstract: University of TorontoThe authors summarize 35 years of empirical research ongoal-setting theory. They describe the core findings of thetheory, the mechanisms by which goals operate, modera-tors of goal effects, the relation of goals and satisfaction,and the role of goals as mediators of incentives. Theexternal validity and practical significance of goal-settingtheory are explained, and new directions in goal-settingresearch are discussed. The relationships of goal setting toother theories are described as are the theory’s limitations.

Abstract: The authors summarize 35 years of empirical research on goal-setting theory. They describe the core findings of the theory, the mechanisms by which goals operate, moderators of goal effects, the relation of goals and satisfaction, and the role of goals as mediators of incentives. The external validity and practical significance of goal-setting theory are explained, and new directions in goal-setting research are discussed. The relationships of goal setting to other theories are described as are the theory's limitations.

Abstract: In spite of all efforts to design safer systems, we still witness severe, large-scale accidents. A basic question is: Do we actually have adequate models of accident causation in the present dynamic society? The socio-technical system involved in risk management includes several levels ranging from legislators, over managers and work planners, to system operators. This system is presently stressed by a fast pace of technological change, by an increasingly aggressive, competitive environment, and by changing regulatory practices and public pressure. Traditionally, each level of this is studied separately by a particular academic discipline, and modelling is done by generalising across systems and their particular hazard sources. It is argued that risk management must be modelled by cross-disciplinary studies, considering risk management to be a control problem and serving to represent the control structure involving all levels of society for each particular hazard category. Furthermore, it is argued that this requires a system-oriented approach based on functional abstraction rather than structural decomposition. Therefore, task analysis focused on action sequences and occasional deviation in terms of human errors should be replaced by a model of behaviour shaping mechanisms in terms of work system constraints, boundaries of acceptable performance, and subjective criteria guiding adaptation to change. It is found that at present a convergence of research paradigms of human sciences guided by cognitive science concepts supports this approach. A review of this convergence within decision theory and management research is presented in comparison with the evolution of paradigms within safety research.