Nutrient requirements of poultry

Although nutrient requirements of insectivores have not been specifically determined, detailed chemical analysis of invertebrates used in zoo feeding programs is essential for evaluating nutritional adequacy based on domestic animal models. Additionally, such data can provide valuable suggestions for future research priorities. Proximate composition, fat-soluble vitamins, and minerals in mealworms (Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio), crickets (Acheta domesticus), waxworms (Galleria mellonella), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) were determined. All species had a water content >50% of their body weights. Larval invertebrates had higher fat content (x >30% dry matter [DM]) than adult species. Total nitrogen (N) ranged from 5.2±1.1% DM (earthworms) to 10.3±0.4% DM (adult crickets), whereas chemically bound N comprised 3–10% of total N in all invertebrates. Neutral detergent fiber, used as a measure of chitin, averaged 15.3±3.6% DM for all species except wild-caught earthworms, which were higher (51% DM). Vitamin E concentrations ranged from 15±3 IU/kg DM (mealworms) to 509±232 IU/kg DM (waxworms). Vitamin A concentrations were undetectable (fruit flies) to low in all samples; none met the recommended dietary vitamin A concentrations established for domestic carnivores. Insects had low calcium concentrations (x = 0.11%) and imbalanced calcium:phosphorus ratios except for pinhead crickets. Insects sampled contained sufficient concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mg, P, and Zn to meet known requirements of domestic birds and mammals, whereas supermealworms and waxworms contained deficient levels of Mn. Earthworms appeared to meet dietary mineral requirements, based on domestic bird and mammal recommendations. Zoo Biol 17:123–134, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Nutrient composition of selected whole invertebrates

Estimates of adherence to long-term medication regimens range from 17% to 80%, and nonadherence (or nonpersistence) can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Multifaceted interventions that target specific barriers to adherence are most effective, because they address the problems and reinforce positive behaviors. Providers must assess their patients’ understanding of the illness and its treatment, communicate the benefits of the treatment, assess their patients’ readiness to carry out the treatment plan, and discuss any barriers or obstacles to adherence that patients may have. A positive, supporting, and trusting relationship between patient and provider improves adherence. Individual patient factors also affect adherence. For example, conditions that impair cognition have a negative impact on adherence. Other factors—such as the lack of a support network, limited English proficiency, inability to obtain and pay for medications, or severe adverse effects or the fear of such effects—are all barriers to adherence. There are multiple reasons for nonadherence or nonpersistence; the solution needs to be tailored to the individual patient’s needs. To have an impact on adherence, healthcare providers must understand the barriers to adherence and the methods or tools needed to overcome them. This report describes the barriers to medication adherence and persistence and interventions that have been used to address them; it also identifies interventions and compliance aids that practitioners and organizations can implement.

Medication adherence and persistence : A comprehensive review

Objectives To present a summary of the existing literature on medication nonadherence, health literacy, and use of written patient information in health care and pharmacy in particular. Data sources Searches of Medline, PubMed, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases were conducted using one or more of the following terms adherence/nonadherence, compliance/noncompliance, printed/written information, literacy, patient education, communication , and health literacy . These terms were combined with the following search terms: drug information, readability, medication/drug, patient, pharmacy/pharmacist , and prescription . References of pertinent articles were hand searched to retrieve additional articles. Data extraction By the author. Data synthesis Articles were grouped and summarized into three broad categories (nonadherence, health literacy, and communicating health information to patients), with an emphasis on the use of written patient information in health care and pharmacy practice in particular. The complexities inherent in nonadherence behavior, health literacy, and patient education are summarized, and suggestions for enhancing medication adherence, especially for patients with low health literacy skills, are provided. Conclusion The health literacy skills of American adults have not changed considerably during the previous decade. This makes use of written patient medication information in pharmacy practice problematic for some patients. Limited health literacy has been associated with poorer health, medication nonadherence, medication errors, higher medical expenses, and increased hospitalization. A need exists for identifying patients with limited health literacy and tailoring medication counseling to their needs.

http://apha.imirus.com/pdf/2009/Aug_CE_exam.pdf

Health literacy: A barrier to pharmacist–patient communication and medication adherence

The persistence, sources, fate and possible control of pesticides are reviewed and discussed. The amounts of pesticides in soil, air, freshwater, seawater, soil and aquatic invertebrates, plants, fish, birds, other vertebrates, human food and human beings are summarized. The ways the amounts of these residues can be decreased are discussed.

Persistent pesticides in the environment

Young and adult quail and pheasants were fed diets containing DDT.Chemical analysis of tissues indicated that quantities of DDT stored were not proportional to total amounts administered nor to duration of exposure, but were related to the severity of toxic symptoms.Concentration of the toxicant in breast muscle of birds dying of acute DDT poisoning was approximately 34 jug./ Gm.in adult quail and 22 jug./Gm.in adult pheasants.

DDT vs.Wildlife Relationships Between Quantities Ingested, Toxic Effects and Tissue Storage*

Changes in nutritive value of browse plants following forest fires

Black and mallard ducks have been found to be highly susceptible to phosphorus poisoning. The results of an investigation of the effects of poisoning from the administration of white phosphorus are reported.

Phosphorus poisoning in waterfowl

Response of woodcocks (Philohela minor) to heptachlor dosage was closely related to the physical condition of the birds, as reflected by body weight and by body weight in relation to capture weight: in a series of tests with underweight birds, nearly all woodcocks died at dosage levels well below those at which nearly all the birds in a normal-weight series lived. Heptachlor residues in tissues were determined and their loss with time was estimated. Dieldrin proved more toxic than heptachlor to birds of similar weight. Birds in good weight survived massive doses of DDT; some succumbed to smaller spaced serial doses, but only when these were accompanied by starvation rations. When birds were placed in foil-lined boxes after doses of heptachlor added to butter oil or corn oil, it became evident that they passed quantities of oil in about 3 hours, thus very likely ridding themselves of a large part of the heptachlor dose. It was concluded that other methods than dosage with encapsulated chemicals would be needed for appraisal of field effects of toxicants on woodcocks. Investigations of the effects of heptachlor on woodcocks were begun in 1959 because of the potential hazard of this chemical on the southern wintering grounds, which are within the area treated extensively for control of the imported fire ant (Solenopsis saevissima). As a first step, exploratory tests of acute toxicity of heptachlor were made at the Massachusetts Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit at Amherst. DDT and dieldrin dosages were tried also, because they, too, are chemicals to which woodcocks may be exposed in many areas. Additional tests with heptachlor were made at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Maryland, in 1960. The purposes of this paper are (1) to show the relationship between weight, time in captivity, and effect of toxicant; (2) to demonstrate the resistance of woodcocks to large doses of encapsulated toxicant; (3) to record residue content of dosed birds and to approximate the loss rate of heptachlor residues; and (4) to record mortality data-these are given in some detail, for, although they are not in standard LD50 form, they provide the only available data for a species that offers unusually difficult problems in xperimentation. For the studies of both years, woodcocks were caught in mist nets near Amherst. Housing and care of the birds were as described by Stickel, Sheldon, and Stickel (1965). Assistance was received from several people in various parts of the work. John L. Buckley facilitated and encouraged the tests in 1960 and the analyses that followed; Don W. Hayne helped plan the 1960 tests and provided critical analysis of data from the entire study. Allyn Coombs helped perform the experiments at Amherst in 1959. Residue analyses were made at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center by Vyto Adomaitis, Calvin Menzie, and William Reichel. EXPERIMENTS WITH HEPTACHLOR Tests in 1959 explored the lethal levels of capsule dosages of heptachlor to captive woodcocks. With this rangefinding as background, tests in 1960 were planned to refine the 1959 determinations, using a stepwise procedure recommended by Hayne for obtaining an LD50 determination with the most economical use of birds. When it was

Body condition and response to pesticides in woodcocks.

The antibiotic actidione was found to be highly repellent to laboratory rats and to significantly reduce gnawing attacks upon treated paperboards. Rats refused to accept food or water containing this material even under conditions of acute starvation and died of starvation and thirst rather than accept water containing 1.0 mg. of actidione per liter. The compound is highly toxic to rats with the minimum lethal dose by oral administration being approximately 1.0 mg./Kg. body weight. Paperboard treated with the compound resisted gnawing attacks by specially trained and motivated rats for periods of two hundred hours, although similar untreated boards were pierced within thirty to sixty minutes.

James B. DeWitt

Papers

DDT vs.Wildlife Relationships Between Quantities Ingested, Toxic Effects and Tissue Storage*

Changes in nutritive value of browse plants following forest fires

Phosphorus poisoning in waterfowl

Body condition and response to pesticides in woodcocks.

Toxicity and repellency to rats of actidione