James D. Virosco

Abstract: Questionnaire Q1. Do you think that it is more likely that someday China's economy will grow to be as large as the US economy or that the US economy will always stay larger than China's? China's economy will grow as large as the US economy The US economy will always stay larger than China's Not sure/ Decline (%) (%) Q2. If China's economy were to grow to be as large as the US economy, do you think that would be mostly positive, mostly negative, or equally positive and negative?

Abstract: textabstractIn Dutch: Naar een Nieuwe Wereldeconomie: voorstellen voor een internationaal economisch beleid, Rotterdam University Press, Rotterdam, 1965, XV + 335 p. In Spanish: Hacia Una Economia Mundial: sugerencias para una politica economica internacional, Series Biblioteca de Economia No.7, Orbis, Barcelona, 1985, 242 p.

Abstract: Conventional analysis of government typically focuses on ‘politics’, that is, interests, conflicts or personalities. But governing a country is not only a task of successfully governing its people but also an administrative task of managing subordinate officials. This is a very relevant issue in a country such as China, with a massive bureaucracy. The top ‘managers’ of the country – some 30 national leaders – make policies but also manage a large number of bureaucratic personnel. As in business organizations, control problems occur when subordinates have different interests from those of the organization and when the behavior of subordinates is imperfectly monitored. Control mechanisms are designed to minimize such problems by either aligning interests or improving information. This article uses this framework to explain a wide variety of administrative phenomena in Chinese government organizations.

Abstract: There is broad scholarly consensus that the relative power of the United States is declining and that this decline will have negative consequences for international politics. This pessimism is justified by the belief that great powers have few options to deal with acute relative decline. Retrenchment is seen as a hazardous policy that demoralizes allies and encourages external predation. Faced with shrinking means, great powers are thought to have few options to stave off decline short of preventive war. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, however, retrenchment is not a relatively rare and ineffective policy instrument. A comparison of eighteen cases of acute relative decline since 1870 demonstrates that great powers frequently engage in retrenchment and that retrenchment is often effective. In addition, we find that prevailing explanations overstate the importance of democracies, bureaucracies, and interest groups in inhibiting retrenchment. In fact, the rate of decline can account for both the extent a...

Abstract: The study investigates the China-Pakistan relations in historical context applying into the theoretical framework of power transition theory in general and hard and soft power theory specifically and its implications on foreign policy of Pakistan. In fact, since the inception of Pakistan, Pakistan had always been in search of security because of its geo-strategic situation and external pressures. Further, the study addresses that how the international scenario and outward dynamics affected foreign policy of Pakistan. For example, during the Cold War era and USSR war in Afghanistan because of bipolar dimensions across the World, Pakistan had to tilt towards Western allies to protect state sovereignty and maintain the integrity of its citizens. One thing that proved very true that Pakistan always desired to join those allies who always committed to preserve state from external enemies. The study spotlights that how the changing global episodes since the event of 9/11 altered Pakistan’s foreign policy choices. Meanwhile, Pakistan decided to strengthen its ties with rising power of China. Despite Pakistan’s constant contribution in the war on terrorism, it had been considered as a state of ‘safe Haven’ for terrorists and did not able to attain the confidence of its Western allies. By the times, Pakistan’s overseas strategy slanted towards the Chinese foreign policy goals of influencing the World with the image of a soft power. Likewise, the social and cultural relations enabled to gain the psychological confidence of Pakistan and its people by enhancing people to people relations. The dissertation draws extensively on the declassified official records to prove the theoretical and empirical contribution of this study that how far bilateral and political relations turned the shape of economic to geo-economic and taking the U-turn from geo-economic to geo-strategic ties between both states in the 21 Century.

Abstract: Power-transition theory and institutionalist theory offer sharply contrasting views about the implications of China's rise. Power-transition theory sees China's rise as most likely dangerous because it will pose a challenge to the international order underpinned by American power. Institutionalist theory sees China's rise presenting at least an opportunity for building cooperation, rather than intensifying conflict. The logic of these two theoretical perspectives as it pertains to China's rise is explained and their different implications for three flashpoints in East Asia (the South China Sea, Korea, and the Taiwan Strait) is set forth. These expectations are then compared with the still skimpy empirical record of the post-Cold War era. Events in the South China Sea and Korea mainly lend credence to the expectations of institutionalist theory, though the evidence is arguably inconclusive. In the Taiwan Strait, however, the evidence mainly lends credence to the expectations of power-transition th...