Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

Are Americans more individualistic and less collectivistic than members of other groups? The authors summarize plausible psychological implications of individualism-collectivism (IND-COL), meta-analyze cross-national and within-United States IND-COL differences, and review evidence for effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality. European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal independence more-and less collectivistic-feeling duty to in-groups less-than others. However, European Americans were not more individualistic than African Americans, or Latinos, and not less collectivistic than Japanese or Koreans. Among Asians, only Chinese showed large effects, being both less individualistic and more collectivistic. Moderate IND-COL effects were found on self-concept and relationality, and large effects were found on attribution and cognitive style.

/pdf/rethinking-individualism-and-collectivism-evaluation-of-47xorn4mh7.pdf

Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.

https://leeds-faculty.colorado.edu/dahe7472/Journal%20of%20Management-2008-Ashforth-325-74.pdf

Identification in Organizations: An Examination of Four Fundamental Questions

Conceptual approaches to acculturation.

Evaluating Model Fit

Despite the importance of the social identification construct in research and theory on group processes and intergroup relations, the issue of its dimensionality remains unresolved. It is proposed that social identity can be represented in terms of three factors: centrality; ingroup affect; and ingroup ties. I examined the efficacy of this model in five studies involving a total of 1078 respondents, one nonstudent sample, and three group memberships (university, gender, and nationality). Results of confirmatory factor analyses support the acceptability of the tripartite model, which fits the data significantly better than one- or two-dimensional (cognition/affect) alternatives. Correlations with theoretically relevant variables provide support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the three factors. Advantages and implications of the three-factor model are considered, with particular reference to social identity theory.

A Three-Factor Model of Social Identity

Meme si on reconnait que l'identification et l'engagement sont intimement lies aux aspects de l'attachement psychologique d'un employe a l'organisation, il n'y a pas d'analyse qui fait le lien entre les dimensions multiples de chaque construit. Dans la presente etude, les modeles a trois composants de l'identification et de l'engagement organisationnels ont ete etudies en tant qu'indicateurs previsionnels des intentions de depart (roulement du personnel) et du bien-etre psychologique (estime de soi, satisfaction dans la vie et autoefficacite) parmi les employes (N = 60) d'une petite organisation. Les employes tres en vue avaient tendance a etre ceux qui etaient engages, mais differentes dimensions de chaque construit ont ete liees de facon specifique a divers criteres. Les composants affectifs de l'identification et de l'engagement ont ete associes de facon negative aux intentions de depart et l'affect du groupe interne positif (soit les sentiments derives d'etre un membre de l'organisation) predisait les perceptions d'autoefficacite. L'engagement a la continuation etait distinct des autres indicateurs previsionnels. Les resultats justifient les autres efforts pour integrer les perspectives de la theorie d'identite sociale et de la psychologie organisationnelle.

Multiple Dimensions of Organizational Identification and Commitment as Predictors of Turnover Intentions and Psychological Well-Being.

The nature of women's and men's gender-derived social identification was examined with a focus on the relationships between aspects of identity and gender-related ideology. Measures of social identification, sex-role ideology, and the perception of women's collective disadvantage were completed by 171 women and 91 men who categorized themselves as either traditional, non-traditional or feminist. Factor analysis provided support for a multidimensional conception of gender-derived social identification, with viable subscales reflecting in-group ties, cognitive centrality, and in-group affect. For self-identified non-traditional and feminist women, the cognitive centrality of gender was greater, and more consistently related to gender-related ideology, than for traditional women. Traditional men reported stronger in-group ties and more positive gender-linked affect than did non-traditional men, but men's levels of identification were generally weakly related to gender-related ideology. The utility of considering both multiple dimensions and ideological correlates of group identification is discussed with reference to social identity theory.

James E. Cameron

Papers

A Three-Factor Model of Social Identity

Multiple Dimensions of Organizational Identification and Commitment as Predictors of Turnover Intentions and Psychological Well-Being.

Social identification and gender-related ideology in women and men.

Social identity and the pursuit of possible selves: Implications for the psychological well-being of university students.

Counterproductive work behavior as protest