다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

WebLogo generates sequence logos, graphical representations of the patterns within a multiple sequence alignment. Sequence logos provide a richer and more precise description of sequence similarity than consensus sequences and can rapidly reveal significant features of the alignment otherwise difficult to perceive. Each logo consists of stacks of letters, one stack for each position in the sequence. The overall height of each stack indicates the sequence conservation at that position (measured in bits), whereas the height of symbols within the stack reflects the relative frequency of the corresponding amino or nucleic acid at that position. WebLogo has been enhanced recently with additional features and options, to provide a convenient and highly configurable sequence logo generator. A command line interface and the complete, open WebLogo source code are available for local installation and customization.

/pdf/weblogo-a-sequence-logo-generator-n21d3mafc9.pdf

WebLogo: A Sequence Logo Generator

In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain’s wiring.

Thinking fast and slow.

Although electrophoresis is one of the most effective methods for the separation of ionic components of a mixture, the resolving power of different electrophoretic methods is quite variable. To separate two component ions, it is necessary to permit migration to continue until one of the kinds of ions has traveled at least one thickness of the volumes that it initially occupied (the starting zone) further than the other. However, the sharpness, and therefore the resolution, of the zones occupied by each ion diminishes with time because of the spreading of the zones as a result of diffusion. Remarkable resolution has been achieved when advantage is taken of the frictional properties of gels to aid separation by seiving at the molecular level (see Smithies’). A new method, disc electrophoresis, t has been designed that takes advantage of the adjustability of the pore size of a synthetic gel and that automatically produces starting zones of the order of 10 microns thickness from initial volumes with thicknesses of the order of centimeters. High resolution is thus achieved in very brief runs. With this technique, over 20 serum proteins are routinely separated from a sample of whole human serum as small as one microliter in a 20-minute run (see FIGURE 1) . Direct analysis of even very dilute samples becomes routine because the various ions are automatically concentrated to fixed high values at the beginning of the run just prior to separation. Preliminary laboratory studies and theoretic considerations provide evidence of the applicability of this technique to a wide range of ionic species for both analytic and large-scale preparative purposes. Theory has also provided the basis for a simple application of disc electrophoresis to the simultaneous determination of both the free mobility and the aqueous diffusion constant of a protein. This report will detail some mechanisms that provide a rationale for the resolution afforded by zone electrophoresis in many gels; will develop the theory of some new modifications of zone electrophoresis that have been designed to take maximum advantage of these mechanisms; and will provide some examples of the results that disc electrophoresis has produced.

Disc electrophoresis-i background and theory*

Evolution of Protein Molecules

Summary 1 Summary All plants in natural ecosystems appear to be symbiotic with fungal endophytes. This highly diverse group of fungi can have profound impacts on plant communities through increasing fitness by conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, increasing biomass and decreasing water consumption, or decreasing fitness by altering resource allocation. Despite more than 100 yr of research resulting in thousands of journal articles, the ecological significance of these fungi remains poorly characterized. Historically, two endophytic groups (clavicipitaceous (C) and nonclavicipitaceous (NC)) have been discriminated based on phylogeny and life history traits. Here, we show that NC-endophytes represent three distinct functional groups based on host colonization and transmission, in planta biodiversity and fitness benefits conferred to hosts. Using this framework, we contrast the life histories, interactions with hosts and potential roles in plant ecophysiology of C- and NC-endophytes, and highlight several key questions for future work in endophyte biology.

https://courses.washington.edu/cfr523/documents/2009TansleyReview.pdf

Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles.

Introduction, J. Dighton, J.F. White, Jr., and P. Oudemans STRUCTURE OF FUNGAL COMMUNITIES Linking Function between Scales of Resolution, S.J. Morris and G.P. Robertson Fungal Communities: Their Diversity and Distribution, D.L. Hawksworth and G.M. Mueller Freshwater Fungal Communities, F. Barlocher Marine Fungal Communities, T. Kis-Papo Tropical Fungi, K.D. Hyde, L. Cai, and R. Jeewon Lichens and Microfungi in Biological Soil Crusts: Community Structure, Physiology, and Ecological Functions, J. Belnap and O.L. Lange Mycorrhizal Fungi in Successional Environments: A Community Assembly Model Incorporating Host Plant, Environmental, and Biotic Filters, A. Jumpponen and L.M. Egerton-Warburton Fungal Communities: Relation to Resource Succession, J.-F. Ponge Emerging Perspectives on the Ecological Roles of Endophytic Fungi in Tropical Plants, S.A. Van Bael, Z. Maynard, E. Rojas, L.C. Mejia, D.A. Kyllo, and E.A. Herre, N. Robbins, J.F. Bischoff, and A.E. Arnold Classical Methods and Modern Analysis for Studying Fungal Diversity, J.P. Schmit and D.J. Lodge Fungal Diversity in Molecular Terms: Profiling, Identification, and Quantification in the Environment, M.I. Bidartondo and M. Gardes Analytical and Experimental Methods for Estimating Population Genetic Structure of Fungi, J. Zhan and B.A. McDonald Interspecific Interaction Terminology: From Mycology to General Ecology, A.R. Tuininga FUNCTION OF FUNGAL COMMUNITIES Fungal Activity as Determined by Microscale Methods with Special Emphasis on Interactions with Heavy Metals, K. Turnau and I. Kottke Exploring Fungal Activity with Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy, K.J. Czymmek Enzymatic Activities of Mycelia in Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities, B.D. Lindahl, R.D. Finlay, and J.W.G. Cairney Fungal Enzymes at the Community Scale, R.L. Sinsabaugh Using Isotopic Tracers to Follow Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling of Fungi, E.A. Hobbie Diversity-Functioning Relationships in Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities, J.W. Baxter and J. Dighton Fungi, Bacteria, and Viruses as Pathogens of the Fungal Community, D.Y. Kobayashi and B.I. Hillman Fungal Endophytes in Terrestrial Communities and Ecosystems, J.A. Rudgers and K. Clay Mechanisms of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Mediation of Plant-Plant Interactions, J.D. Bever and P.A. Schultz Impacts of Plant Pathogenic Fungi on Plant Communities, E.M. Hansen and J.K. Stone The Epichloe Endophytes of Grasses and the Symbiotic Continuum, C.L. Schardl and A. Leuchtmann Evolutionary Development of the Clavicipitaceae, J.F. Bischoff and J.F. White, Jr. Ecological Fitness Factors for Fungi within the Balansieae and Clavicipiteae, C.W. Bacon and P. Lyons Fungal Communities of Seaweeds, A. Zuccaro and J.I. Mitchell Trophic Interactions of Fungi and Animals, L. Ruess and J. Lussenhop Sporocarp Mycophagy: Nutritional, Behavioral, Evolutionary, and Physiological Aspects, A.W. Claridge and J. M. Trappe Hypogeous Fungi: Evolution of Reproductive and Dispersal Strategies through Interactions with Animals and Mycorrhizal Plants, J.M. Trappe and A.W. Claridge HUMAN IMPACTS ON FUNGAL COMMUNITIES AND THEIR FUNCTION Human Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: An Overview, M.J. Swift Oligotrophic Growth of Fungi, M. Wainwright Fungal Communities of Desert Ecosystems: Links to Climate Change, John Zak Symbiotic Lifestyle Expression by Fungal Endophytes and the Adaptation of Plants to Stress: Unraveling the Complexities of Intimacy, R.J. Rodriguez, R.S. Redman, and J.M. Henson Biological Soil Crusts and Global Changes: What Does the Future Hold? J. Belnap and O.L. Lange Nutrient Acquisition Strategies of Fungi and Their Relation to Elevated Atmospheric CO2, K.K. Treseder Toxic Metals and Fungal Communities, M. Fomina, E.P. Burford, and G. M. Gadd Radionuclides and Fungal Communities, N.N. Zhdanova, V.A. Zakharchenko, and K. Haselwandter How Do Composition, Structure, and Function of Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities Respond to Nitrogen Deposition and Ozone Exposure? E.A. Lilleskov Micromycete Associations in the Rhizosphere of Steppe and Agrophytocenose Plants, E. Golovko and N. Ellanska Fungal Communities of Agroecosystems, M.E. Stromberger Effects of Forest Management on Fungal Communities, D.M. Durall, M.D. Jones, and K.J. Lewis Exotic Species and Fungi: Interactions with Fungal, Plant, and Animal Communities, D.M. Rizzo PRESERVING FUNGAL COMMUNITIES Fungal Conservation: Some Impressions - A Personal View, R. Watling

The fungal community : its organization and role in the ecosystem

To microbes, land plants present a complex, spatially and temporally diverse 
ecological habitat. Symbiotic associations between microorganisms and plants 
are ancient and fundamental, and many examples of complex and highly specific 
symbioses between plants and microbes have been described in detail. Endophytic microbes are an intriguing group of organisms associated with various 
tissues and organs of terrestrial and some aquatic plants, and are the subject of 
increasing interest to mycologists, ecologists, and plant pathologists. In general, 
"endophytic" infections are inconspicuous, the infected host tissues are at least 
transiently symptomless, and the microbial colonization can be demonstrated to 
be internal, either through histological means, by isolation from strongly surface 
disinfected tissue, or, most recently, through direct amplification of fungal nuclear DNA from colonized plant tissue. Infections of land plants by endophytes 
are ubiquitous, having been found throughout a broad range of host orders, families, and genera worldwide, and representing a diverse array of terrestrial and 
aquatic habitats.

An Overview of Endophytic Microbes: Endophytism Defined

The human prostate gland is an important target organ of androgenic hormones. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone interact with the androgen receptor to regulate vital aspects of prostate growth and function including cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metabolism, and secretory activity. Our objective in this study was to characterize the temporal program of transcription that reflects the cellular response to androgens and to identify specific androgen-regulated genes (ARGs) or gene networks that participate in these responses. We used cDNA microarrays representing about 20,000 distinct human genes to profile androgen-responsive transcripts in the LNCaP adenocarcinoma cell line and identified 146 genes with transcript alterations more than 3-fold. Of these, 103 encode proteins with described functional roles, and 43 represent transcripts that have yet to be characterized. Temporal gene expression profiles grouped the ARGs into four distinct cohorts. Five uncharacterized ARGs demonstrated exclusive or high expression levels in the prostate relative to other tissues studied. A search of available DNA sequence upstream of 28 ARGs identified 25 with homology to the androgen response-element consensus-binding motif. These results identify previously uncharacterized and unsuspected genes whose expression levels are directly or indirectly regulated by androgens; further, they provide a comprehensive temporal view of the transcriptional program of human androgen-responsive cells.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/99/18/11890.full.pdf

The program of androgen-responsive genes in neoplastic prostate epithelium

Nomenclatural rule changes in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants, adopted at the 18th International Botanical Congress in Melbourne, Australia, in 2011, provide for a single name to be used for each fungal species. The anamorphs of Epichloe species have been classified in genus Neotyphodium, the form genus that also includes most asexual Epichloe descendants. A nomenclatural realignment of this monophyletic group into one genus would enhance a broader understanding of the relationships and common features of these grass endophytes. Based on the principle of priority of publication we propose to classify all members of this clade in the genus Epichloe. We have reexamined classification of several described Epichloe and Neotyphodium species and varieties and propose new combinations and states. In this treatment we have accepted 43 unique taxa in Epichloe, including distinct species, subspecies, and varieties. We exclude from Epichloe the two taxa Neotyphodium starrii, as nom...

James F. White

Papers

Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles.

The fungal community : its organization and role in the ecosystem

An Overview of Endophytic Microbes: Endophytism Defined

The program of androgen-responsive genes in neoplastic prostate epithelium

Nomenclatural realignment of Neotyphodium species with genus Epichloë