Author
James Oloya
Other affiliations: Makerere University, Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Bio: James Oloya is an academic researcher from University of Georgia. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Livestock. The author has an hindex of 21, co-authored 30 publications receiving 1375 citations. Previous affiliations of James Oloya include Makerere University & Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
Topics: Population, Livestock, Tuberculosis, Herd, Tuberculin
Papers
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TL;DR: It is established that brucellosis is endemic in domestic animals in the livestock–wildlife interface areas of Blue Lagoon and Lochinvar national parks and the disease is also present in Kazungula and that transhumant herds were at high risk of being infected.
Abstract: Pre-print to the original published by SpringerLink accessible on: http://www.springerlink.com/content/8r11190t71tg0080/
143 citations
National Institutes of Health1, University of Ibadan2, Sokoine University of Agriculture3, Pasteur Institute4, National Veterinary Institute5, Makerere University6, Eduardo Mondlane University7, Norwegian University of Life Sciences8, Stellenbosch University9, Karolinska Institutet10, University College Dublin11, University of Sussex12
TL;DR: The identified clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis present at high frequency in cattle in population samples from several sub-Saharan west-central African countries is suggested to be geographically localized, albeit to several African countries, and to be the result of an original introduction into cows naïve to bovine tuberculosis.
Abstract: We have identified a clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis present at high frequency in cattle in population samples from several sub-Saharan west-central African countries. This closely related group of bacteria is defined by a specific chromosomal deletion (RDAf1) and can be identified by the absence of spacer 30 in the standard spoligotype typing scheme. We have named this group of strains the African 1 (Af1) clonal complex and have defined the spoligotype signature of this clonal complex as being the same as the M. bovis BCG vaccine strain but with the deletion of spacer 30. Strains of the Af1 clonal complex were found at high frequency in population samples of M. bovis from cattle in Mali, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Chad, and using a combination of variable-number tandem repeat typing and spoligotyping, we show that the population of M. bovis in each of these countries is distinct, suggesting that the recent mixing of strains between countries is not common in this area of Africa. Strains with the Af1-specific deletion (RDAf1) were not identified in M. bovis isolates from Algeria, Burundi, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. Furthermore, the spoligotype signature of the Af1 clonal complex has not been identified in population samples of bovine tuberculosis from Europe, Iran, and South America. These observations suggest that the Af1 clonal complex is geographically localized, albeit to several African countries, and we suggest that the dominance of the clonal complex in this region is the result of an original introduction into cows naive to bovine tuberculosis.
124 citations
TL;DR: Investigating risk factors of Brucella seropositivity in cattle herds reared in livestock-wildlife interface areas of Blue Lagoon and Lochinvar National Parks in Zambia between August 2003 and September 2004 identified geographical area, contact with wildlife, and herd size as having significant effect on counts of seropositive cattle in a herd.
119 citations
Veterinary Laboratories Agency1, Complutense University of Madrid2, Eduardo Mondlane University3, Sokoine University of Agriculture4, University of Bern5, University of Ibadan6, University of Georgia7, Stellenbosch University8, Canadian Food Inspection Agency9, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo10, University of São Paulo11, Austral University of Chile12, Yonsei University13, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute14, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention15, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute16, International Trademark Association17, AgResearch18, University of Pretoria19, University College Dublin20, Karolinska Institutet21, United States Department of Agriculture22
TL;DR: This paper identified a globally important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis by deletion analysis of over one thousand strains from over 30 countries and identified that much of the current distribution of this important veterinary pathogen has resulted from relatively recent International trade in cattle.
96 citations
TL;DR: The isolation of M. bovis confirms the human infection with zoonotic mycobacteria in areas where consumption of raw milk and meat is routine and also confirms their increasing role in human disease and the occupational risk of infection in the transhumant ecosystem in the absence of safe drinking water and environmental contamination.
Abstract: Mycobacteria from lymph node biopsies of patients with cervical lymphadenitis reporting for tuberculosis treatment in Matany and Moroto Hospitals in the transhumant areas of Karamoja, Uganda were isolated and characterized. The AccuProbe® culture identification kits for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), M. avium complex (MAC) and M. avium were used to identify the isolates. Spoligotyping, IS901 PCR and IS1311 and IS1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to characterize the isolates. Of the 43 biopsies, ten M. avium, seven M. tuberculosis, three M. bovis, and two M. intracellulare were isolated. Two isolates could not be identified with AccuProbe® and from 19 samples no mycobacteria could be isolated. Three isolates with the Beijing spoligotype were identified from the seven M. tuberculosis isolates. The spoligopatterns of the M. bovis isolates had previously been detected in cattle in Uganda. Isolation of members of the MAC group reflects the complex interaction between the transhumant communities, water sources and their cattle. None of the M. avium isolates harboured IS901, and all showed several bands on IS1311 and IS1245 RFLP, in accordance with M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Composite dendrograms of IS1311 and IS1245 RFLP showed that the isolates were similar and identical patterns were found. The isolation of M. bovis confirms the human infection with zoonotic mycobacteria in areas where consumption of raw milk and meat is routine. Isolation of environmental mycobacteria also confirms their increasing role in human disease and the occupational risk of infection in the transhumant ecosystem in the absence of safe drinking water and environmental contamination.
85 citations
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TL;DR: Several new and established methods as well as the issues and challenges associated with implementing quality tuberculosis laboratory services in high-burden countries are described.
Abstract: Summary: With an estimated 9.4 million new cases globally, tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health concern. Eighty percent of all cases worldwide occur in 22 high-burden, mainly resource-poor settings. This devastating impact of tuberculosis on vulnerable populations is also driven by its deadly synergy with HIV. Therefore, building capacity and enhancing universal access to rapid and accurate laboratory diagnostics are necessary to control TB and HIV-TB coinfections in resource-limited countries. The present review describes several new and established methods as well as the issues and challenges associated with implementing quality tuberculosis laboratory services in such countries. Recently, the WHO has endorsed some of these novel methods, and they have been made available at discounted prices for procurement by the public health sector of high-burden countries. In addition, international and national laboratory partners and donors are currently evaluating other new diagnostics that will allow further and more rapid testing in point-of-care settings. While some techniques are simple, others have complex requirements, and therefore, it is important to carefully determine how to link these new tests and incorporate them within a country's national diagnostic algorithm. Finally, the successful implementation of these methods is dependent on key partnerships in the international laboratory community and ensuring that adequate quality assurance programs are inherent in each country's laboratory network.
457 citations
TL;DR: The practical aspects of the diagnosis and management of NTM thoracic infections, with emphasis on the indications for surgery and the results of surgical intervention, are summarized.
Abstract: Pulmonary infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly recognized worldwide. Although over 150 different species of NTM have been described, pulmonary infections are most commonly due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium abscessus. The identification of these organisms in pulmonary specimens does not always equate with active infection; supportive radiographic and clinical findings are needed to establish the diagnosis. It is difficult to eradicate NTM infections. A prolonged course of therapy with a combination of drugs is required. Unfortunately, recurrent infection with new strains of mycobacteria or a relapse of infection caused by the original organism is not uncommon. Surgical resection is appropriate in selected cases of localized disease or in cases in which the infecting organism is resistant to medical therapy. Additionally, surgery may be required for infections complicated by hemoptysis or abscess formation. This review will summarize the practical aspects of the diagnosis and management of NTM thoracic infections, with emphasis on the indications for surgery and the results of surgical intervention. The management of NTM disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections is beyond the scope of this article and, unless otherwise noted, comments apply to hosts without HIV infection
377 citations
Norwegian University of Life Sciences1, Université de Namur2, Veterinary Laboratories Agency3, Institut national de la recherche agronomique4, University of Navarra5, University of Liège6, University of Zambia7, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment8, RWTH Aachen University9, Friedrich Loeffler Institute10
TL;DR: At the animal/ecosystem/human interface it is critical to reduce opportunities for Brucella to jump host species as already seen in livestock, wildlife and humans.
342 citations
TL;DR: The prospects for national, technically feasible, and economically viable, national brucellosis control programmes in most low-income countries are limited, however, some targeted control programmes will be beneficial and can probably be feasibly managed and provide good economic returns.
Abstract: Most data and evidence on the economic burden of brucellosis and the benefits of its control are from high-income and middle-income countries. However, the burden of brucellosis is greatest in low-income countries. This paper focuses on estimating the economic burdens of brucellosis in low-income countries in tropical Asia and Africa. The prospects for national, technically feasible, and economically viable, national brucellosis control programmes in most low-income countries are limited. However, some targeted control programmes will be beneficial and can probably be feasibly managed and provide good economic returns. More ambitious control will require a more general strengthening of Veterinary Services and livestock-sector capacity, using risk-management-based approaches.
321 citations
TL;DR: Bovine tuberculosis has essentially been reduced to a disease of economic importance in the developed world, while low-income countries are facing a multifaceted impact which potentially affects the health of livestock, humans and ecosystems and which is likely to increase in the presence of debilitating diseases such as HIV/AIDS and other factors which negatively affect human livelihoods.
313 citations