Ru(II) polypyridine complexes: photophysics, photochemistry, eletrochemistry, and chemiluminescence

I read this book the same weekend that the Packers took on the Rams, and the experience of the latter event, obviously, colored my judgment. Although I abhor anything that smacks of being a handbook (like, \"How to Earn a Merit Badge in Neurosurgery\") because too many volumes in biomedical science already evince a boyscout-like approach, I must confess that parts of this volume are fast, scholarly, and significant, with certain reservations. I like parts of this well-illustrated book because Dr. Sj6strand, without so stating, develops certain subjects on technique in relation to the acquisition of judgment and sophistication. And this is important! So, given that the author (like all of us) is somewhat deficient in some areas, and biased in others, the book is still valuable if the uninitiated reader swallows it in a general fashion, realizing full well that what will be required from the reader is a modulation to fit his vision, propreception, adaptation and response, and the kind of problem he is undertaking. A major deficiency of this book is revealed by comparison of its use of physics and of chemistry to provide understanding and background for the application of high resolution electron microscopy to problems in biology. Since the volume is keyed to high resolution electron microscopy, which is a sophisticated form of structural analysis, but really morphology in a modern guise, the physical and mechanical background of The instrument and its ancillary tools are simply and well presented. The potential use of chemical or cytochemical information as it relates to biological fine structure , however, is quite deficient. I wonder when even sophisticated morphol-ogists will consider fixation a reaction and not a technique; only then will the fundamentals become self-evident and predictable and this sine qua flon will become less mystical. Staining reactions (the most inadequate chapter) ought to be something more than a technique to selectively enhance contrast of morphological elements; it ought to give the structural addresses of some of the chemical residents of cell components. Is it pertinent that auto-radiography gets singled out for more complete coverage than other significant aspects of cytochemistry by a high resolution microscopist, when it has a built-in minimal error of 1,000 A in standard practice? I don't mean to blind-side (in strict football terminology) Dr. Sj6strand's efforts for what is \"routinely used in our laboratory\"; what is done is usually well done. It's just that …

Methods in Enzymology.

A new series of panchromatic ruthenium(II) sensitizers derived from carboxylated terpyridyl complexes of tris-thiocyanato Ru(II) have been developed. Black dye containing different degrees of protonation {(C2H5)3NH}[Ru(H3tcterpy)(NCS)3] 1, {(C4H9)4N}2[Ru(H2tcterpy)(NCS)3] 2, {(C4H9)4N}3[Ru(Htcterpy)(NCS)3] 3, and {(C4H9)4N}4[Ru(tcterpy)(NCS)3] 4 (tcterpy = 4,4‘,4‘ ‘-tricarboxy-2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine) have been synthesized and fully characterized by UV−vis, emission, IR, Raman, NMR, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray diffraction studies. The crystal structure of complex 2 confirms the presence of a RuIIN6 central core derived from the terpyridine ligand and three N-bonded thiocyanates. Intermolecular H-bonding between carboxylates on neighboring terpyridines gives rise to 2-D H-bonded arrays. The absorption and emission maxima of the black dye show a bathochromic shift with decreasing pH and exhibit pH-dependent excited-state lifetimes. The red-shift of the emission maxima is due to better π-acceptor properti...

Engineering of Efficient Panchromatic Sensitizers for Nanocrystalline TiO2-Based Solar Cells

Photophysics, photochemistry and solar energy conversion with tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) and its analogues

Two decades have passed since the discovery in liver microsomes of a haemprotein that forms a reduced-CO complex with the absorptive maximum of the Soret at 450 nm (Klingenberg, 1958; Garfinkel, 1958) and the identification of this protein as a new cytochrome: pigment cytochrome, P-450 (Omura and Sato, 1962, 1964a). In the intervening years, the study of cytochrome P-450 dependent monoxygenases has expanded exponentially. From the first crude attempts to solubilise a P-450 (Omura and Sato, 1963, 1964b) to the determination of the primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of cytochrome P-450cam by amino acid sequencing (Haniu et al., 1982a,b) and x-ray crystallography (Poulos et al., 1984) our understanding of this unique family of proteins has been advancing on all fronts. Since, perhaps, the greatest understanding of the structure and mechanism of P-450s has come from concentrated study of P-450cam of the Pseudomonas putida camphor-5-exo-hydroxylase, this review will concentrate on findings with P-450cam; attention will be drawn to parallel and contrasting examples from other P-450s as appropriate.

Structure and Chemistry of Cytochrome P450

Resonance Raman spectra with variable-wavelength excitation are reported for Ni{sup II} porphine (NiP) and for the pyrrole-d{sub 8}, meso-d{sub 4}, and (pyrrole + meso)-d{sub 12} isotopomers, as well as for Ni{sup II} meso-tetraphenylporphine (NiTPP) and its pyrrole-{sup 15}N{sub 4}, pyrrole-d{sub 8}, {sup 13}C{sub 4}-meso, and phenyl-d{sub 20} isotopomers. All the Raman-active in-plane modes have been identified and are assigned to local coordinates which take into account the phasing of adjacent bond stretches within the pyrrole rings and at the methine bridges. The IR spectra of NiP and its isotopomers are also assigned. For most of the local coordinates good frequency agreement is seen for the different symmetry blocks, showing that longer range phasings have minor effects. These in-plane mode assignments are supported by normal-coordinate calculations with a physically reasonable valence force field, which is nearly the same for NiP and NiTPP. The principal force constants are in good accord with bond length relationships selected on the basis of scaled ab initio calculations. The phenyl substituents of NiTPP lower the frequencies of the asymmetric methine bridge stretching modes {nu}{sub 10}(B{sub 1g}) and {nu}{sub 19}(A{sub 2g}) by {approximately}60 cm{sup {minus}1}; this shift is attributable partly to the loss of coupling with themore » C{sub m}H bending modes in NiP and partly to an electronic effect of the phenyl group. There are also near-resonant interactions in NiTPP between porphyrin and phenyl modes near 740 and 200 cm{sup {minus}1} resulting in strongly displaced modes. Otherwise the phenyl groups have little influence on the porphyrin skeletal mode frequencies. Several phenyl modes are subject to moderate RR enhancement, probably via intensity borrowing from nearby porphyrin modes.« less

Consistent porphyrin force field. 1. Normal-mode analysis for nickel porphine and nickel tetraphenylporphine from resonance Raman and infrared spectra and isotope shifts

Resonance Raman spectra with variable-wavelength excitation are reported for nickel octaethylporphyrin and its isotopomers containing {sup 15}N, and {sup 2}H at the methine (meso-d{sub 4}) and methylene (methylene-d{sub 16}) carbon atoms. The {sup 15}N, meso-d{sub 4} double isotopomer is also examined. The infrared spectrum of the methylene-d{sub 16} isotopomer is reported, and the frequencies are combined with recently published infrared results for the other isotopomers. Essentially all of the porphyrin skeletal modes have been assigned and have been allocated to local coordinates which recognize the pyrrole rings as cooperative vibrational units. The assignments are supported by a normal-coordinate analysis with a valence force field involving standard ethyl force constants and porphyrin in-plane force constants which are transferred nearly intact from Ni porphine and Ni tetraphenylporphine. Many vibrational modes of the NiOEP ethyl substituents have also been located in the spectra and assigned. Bands assignable to ethyl C-C stretching and C-H bending modes are surprisingly strong in the resonance Raman spectra and suggest appreciable involvement of the ethyl groups in the porphyrin {pi}-{pi}{sup *} excited states. The conformations of the ethyl substituents have a marked influence on the low-frequency vibrational spectra.

Consistent porphyrin force field. 2. Nickel octaethylporphyrin skeletal and substituent mode assignments from nitrogen-15, meso-d4, and methylene-d16 Raman and infrared isotope shifts

The infrared and resonance Raman spectra of the tris-bipyridine ruthenium(II) complex and several of its deuterated analogues are reported; specifically, those of the complexes of 3,3'-dideutero-2,2'-bipyridine, 6,6'-dideutero-2,2'-bipyridine and perdeutero-2,2'-bipyridine. Multiple excitation lines are employed to obtain the resonance Raman spectra in order to facilitate observation of all A/sub 1/ fundamental vibrations associated with the ligand framework. Normal coordinate calculations are carried out employing a systematic procedure based on a modified valence force field which is comparable to those used previously for aromatic molecules. The resultant (30 force constant) field reproduces observed frequencies with an average error of approx.2%. 28 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.

Vibrational spectra and normal-coordinate analysis of tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II)

Consistent porphyrin force field. 3. Out-of-plane modes in the resonance Raman spectra of planar and ruffled nickel octaethylporphyrin

The resonance Raman and time-resolved resonance Raman (TR{sup 3}) spectra of the title compound and nine of its deuteriated derivatives as well as the {sup 15}N and {sup 15}N{sub 2}-3,3{prime}-{sup 2}H{sub 2} analogues are reported. These data are used to refine the previously reported ground-state force field and to derive a corresponding force field for the anion-radical fragment of the {sup 3}MLCT excited state. These force fields reproduce the observed frequencies with average errors of {approx} 1%. In addition, the derived fields adequately reproduce the observed shifts upon {sup 3}MLCT-state formation, in general giving shifts of appropriate sign (some shifts are to higher frequencies) and approximately correct magnitudes. Finally, the excited-state normal-mode formulations (potential energy distributions) are compared with those derived for the ground-state species, and structural implications for the {sup 3}MLCT state are discussed.

James R. Kincaid

Papers

Consistent porphyrin force field. 1. Normal-mode analysis for nickel porphine and nickel tetraphenylporphine from resonance Raman and infrared spectra and isotope shifts

Consistent porphyrin force field. 2. Nickel octaethylporphyrin skeletal and substituent mode assignments from nitrogen-15, meso-d4, and methylene-d16 Raman and infrared isotope shifts

Vibrational spectra and normal-coordinate analysis of tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II)

Consistent porphyrin force field. 3. Out-of-plane modes in the resonance Raman spectra of planar and ruffled nickel octaethylporphyrin

Normal-coordinate analyses of the ground and 3MLCT excited states of tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II)